Prep Guide Week 4 5.18.20-1 (1)

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University of Massachusetts, Lowell *

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Apr 3, 2024

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Prep Guide Questions Week 4 Readings: Cooper (2020) text, Chapter 5; Kazdin (2011) text, Chapter 5 QUESTION 1 The readings for this week discuss measurement artifacts and how they can impact the accuracy or reliability of measurement. Describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous measurement. Familiarity with each is important as certain types of measurements are more common in specific settings and are dependent on behavior. Continuous: the tracking of every instance of a person's target behavior, for a specified duration OR counting every instance the behavior occurs. Examples include frequency, duration, rate, etc. Discontinuous: observation into intervals and recording whether a behavior occurred during some or all of each interval (i.e., interval recording) or at the exact time of observation (i.e., momentary time sampling; MTS). QUESTION 2 When conducting and measuring interobserver agreement, it's important that the observers are using the same measurement system. What are two other criteria described in this week’s readings that are considered essential? Well trained observers are important as having properly trained observers ensure trustworthy data collection skills, such as ensuring they understand the measurements being used to collect data and understanding of the behavior they are collecting on. Taking data in the same measurement whether frequency, duration, and so forth. As well they should be observing the same behavior when taking data to ensure that it is a valid and accurate measurement from both observes. QUESTION 3 Compare and contrast Total Count IOA from Total Duration IOA. How are they calculated and how are they different? Total count IOA simply denotes the percentage of agreement between two observers' frequency/event recordings for an entire observation, and is calculated by dividing the smaller total count observed (from one observer, relative to the other) by the larger total count (from the other observer). Examples is throughout session observer 1 saw 6 instances of aggression and observer 2 saw 8 instances of aggression. You then 6/8 which is 0.75 then you multiple by 100% which you would only get 75%

agreement, which the ideal number is 80% for agreement or higher. While duration they may have seen 5 trials of the behavior in the day which had a duration time of 5 minutes, 8 minutes, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, and 2 minutes by observer one and observer two has duration times of 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 3 minutes again while they observed the length of tantrum behaviors from start and end. They got 20 and 18 you divide the smaller sum by the larger sun and multiple by 100% Based on this you would do (18/20) x 100% and you would get a total of 90% agreement which shows high accuracy of IOA data. QUESTION 4 Compare and contrast Scored-Interval IOA and Unscored-Interval IOA. Describe how they are calculated and how they are different. In Scored interval IOA, you determine the number of intervals that have a “yes.” Then you divide the number of those that agree by the total number of those intervals. In Unscored Interval IOA, you do the same for the Scored Interval IOA, except you take the number of intervals that have a “no.” Meaning that they only count when the correct behavior is observed or the target behavior possibly occurs instead of the new desirable behavior. They calculate to see how often the new behavior may be occurring over the behavior that is being reduced possibly. QUESTION 5 How often and when should IOA be collected? What are some variables that need to be taken into account? IOA should be collected a minimum of 20% of a study's sessions, and preferably between 25% and 33% of sessions. This is not realistic in traditional 1 to 1 settings of ABA since 5% of supervision is needed per month for RBTs and only 2 hours per week normally is what clients received so having 2 people observing and taking data will not happen as often. Also, to give confidence that variability in data is not a function of which observers were on duty, therefore implying that changes in data actually reflect changes in behavior, not wrongful data collection. The smaller the change in behavior across conditions, the higher the criterion should be for an acceptable IOA percentage ideally 80% should be seen as a comparison for data collection or higher. If they are not taking data same time and in the same settings and within the same time frame. As well are they viewing from a similar angle/vantage point unobstructed of objects or distractions from observing the specific behavior. QUESTION 6 Interobserver agreement (IOA) serves as an indicator of measurement quality in ABA. Unfortunately, data collection by a second observer is rarely completed in applied settings. Discuss ways in which this might be accomplished and some risks associated with not collecting these data.

During supervision this could be accomplished, some risks are due to the fact in which there could be interruptions in home due to the parents having questions or interruptions when the client may only want BT and mand for BCBA to stay. Videos could be used, but if there are not time stamps or delays with the video. As well is not as reliable and recordings could be distorted or if audio did not work. Same issues could be doing it over zoom. ***Post your reply to Question #6 on the Discussion Board for this week

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