hw03

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University of California, Berkeley *

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Statistics

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Feb 20, 2024

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Question 5. In the code cell below, create a visualization that will help us determine if there is an association between birth rate and death rate during this time interval. It may be helpful to create an intermediate table containing the birth and death rates for each state. (4 Points) Things to consider: • What type of chart will help us illustrate an association between 2 variables? • How can you manipulate a certain table to help generate your chart? • Check out the Recommended Reading for this homework! In [71]: # In this cell, use birth_rates and death_rates to generate your visualization birth_rates_2015 = pop . column( 'BIRTHS' ) / pop . column( '2015' ) death_rates_2015 = pop . column( 'DEATHS' ) / pop . column( '2015' ) pop . with_columns( "BIRTH RATE 2015" ,birth_rates_2015, "DEATH RATE 2015" , death_rates_2015) . scatt 1

Question 1. Produce a histogram that visualizes the distributions of all ride times in Boston using the given bins in equal_bins . (4 Points) Hint: See Chapter 7.2 if you’re stuck on how to specify bins. In [75]: equal_bins = np . arange( 0 , 120 , 5 ) boston . hist( "ride time" , bins = equal_bins) 3

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Question 2. Now, produce a histogram that visualizes the distribution of all ride times in Manila using the given bins. (4 Points) In [76]: equal_bins = np . arange( 0 , 120 , 5 ) manila . hist( "ride time" , bins = equal_bins) # Don't delete the following line! plt . ylim( 0 , 0.05 ); 5

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Question 6. Identify one difference between the histograms, in terms of the statistical properties. > Hint : Without performing any calculations, can you comment on the average or skew of each histogram? (4 Points) In terms of statistical properities, Boston’s histogram demonstrates a smaller range being at most a 45 minute ride, where most are about 10-20 minutes. In comparison, Manila’s histogram has a wider range of ride times, the most being just under two hours, where the ride times are more wide spread. 7

Question 7. Why is your solution in Question 6 the case? Based on one of the following two readings, why are the distributions for Boston and Manila different? (4 Points) • Boston reading • Manila reading Hint: Try thinking about external factors of the two cities that may be causing the difference! The readings provide some potential factors – try to connect them to the ride time data. After completing the readings, one thing that may contribute to Manila’s wide range of Uber ride times is due to their poor traffc laws. According to the reading, driving in Manila’s traffc is extremely chaotic and can be very dangerous. Presumably, Uber drivers do not want to get into accidents and therefore will drive cautiously (which will take a longer time) as to avoid losing their job. On the contrary, Boston has a tendency to have more precipitation in comparisson to other locations, which makes people less likely to drive long distances or even travel at all. This would explain why most of the distances dravel stay within the 10-20 minute range at most. 9

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Question 2. State at least one reason why you chose the histogram from Question 1. Make sure to clearly indicate which histogram you selected (ex: “I chose histogram A because …”). (5 Points) Type your answer here, replacing this text. 11

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Question 4. State at least one reason why you chose the histogram from Question 3. Make sure to clearly indicate which histogram you selected (ex: “I chose histogram A because …”). (5 Points) Type your answer here, replacing this text. 13