Study Guide for Week 4 Quiz

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Chamberlain University College of Nursing *

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SOCS185

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Sociology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Study Guide for Week 4 Quiz This week's quiz includes questions from Chapters 7 and 8 and the Week 4 lesson. There are 10 multiple-choice questions, with a value of 60 points total. You have 30 minutes, and the clock starts when you begin. Remember to find a quiet place where you will not be distracted and remember this is closed book, closed-note, no internet. If you study these theories and terms, you should be prepared for the quiz. Try to see connections between terms in the same overall topic, for example Are the theories and terms similar or different? How do they relate to each other? Read the questions and potential answers very carefully. Here is a helpful Crash Course video (about 11 minutes) that covers Karl Marx and the conflict theory. There will be coverage of more content than is needed, but it will reinforce our content and may appeal to those of you who like these kinds of videos. https://youtu.be/gR3igiwaeyc Week 4 Lesson and Chapters 7 & 8) Lesson: Understand Karl Marx’s ideas that were discussed in the “Marx” tab about theoretical approaches to social stratification/inequality . Understand Weber’s ideas in the same place. These are also in the textbook, listed below. Lesson and p. 192: Stratification – The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control of basic resources. Social mobility: the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another. Understand what social mobility is and the ways in which it manifests itself. intergenerational mobility - the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next. Ex: Father is a farmer and daughter is a Dr or higher paid career. intragenerational mobility - the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime. Ex: I started as a waitress and now own a restaurant.

Slavery - an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned or controlled by others for the purpose of economic or sexual exploitation. Chapter 7: p. 195 to part of 196 in our textbook (This is section LO2 in our book): understand Karl Marx’s views on the relationship between social class, social stratification to the means of production In Marx's view, social stratification is created by people's differing relationship to the means of production: either they own productive property or they labor for others . In Marxist theory, the capitalist mode of production consists of two main economic parts: the substructure and the Superstructure. capitalist class (bourgeoisie) - Karl Marx's term for those who own and control the means of production. working class (proletariat) - Karl Marx's term for those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive. Understand Marx’s and Weber’s views on social stratification. Page 196 to 198. p. 204- 205. Marx argues that class is determined by economic factors, whereas Weber argues that social stratification cannot be defined solely in terms of class . According to Marx, a person can only improve their social class by acquiring wealth, while Weber believes that prestige and power contribute to a person's social class. Understand wealth and income…what is the difference? p. 206 Income - the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (governmental aid), and ownership of property.. to put it another way, income comes from the money, wages, and payments that people receive from their occupation or investments Wealth is the value of the assets that an individual or family holds at a specific point in time. Wealth includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies . According to Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and the proletarians leads to: class conflict . The Class System Class is determined by wealth and income and is considered an achieved status, or one which is earned. Wealth refers to the total value of money and assets such as

property and stocks, whereas income refers to the money a person earns from work and/or investments . - why has the racial wealth gap continued to widen The racial wealth gap continues to widen in terms of both wealth creation and maintenance. and what factors go into determining this? Factors closely associated with the growing racial wealth divide are as follows: (1) the number of years of homeownership; (2) household income; (3) unemployment, which is more prevalent among African American families; (4) possession of a college education; and (5) inheritance, financial support from family or friends, and preexisting family wealth (Shapiro, Meschede, and Osoro, 2013). Know these terms (p. 210): • Absolute poverty - a level of economic deprivation that exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life. often has life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench. • Relative poverty – exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living. • Feminization of poverty - refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty. Understand the Davis-Moore thesis on inequality . In 1945, sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore published the Davis-Moore thesis, which argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward. The theory posits that social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work . - which has become the definitive functionalist explanation for social inequality, can be summarized as follows: 1.All societies have important tasks that must be accomplished and certain positions that must be filled. 2.Some positions are more important for the survival of society than others.

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3.The most important positions must be filled by the most qualified people (see • Figure 7.22). 4.The positions that are the most important for society and that require scarce talent, extensive training, or both must be the most highly rewarded. 5.The most highly rewarded positions should be those that are functionally unique (no other position can perform the same function) and on which other positions rely for expertise, direction, or financing. You want to understand their views on inequality. The Davis-Moore thesis implies that societies without social inequality would be the most productive. Davis and Moore point out that social stratification does not exist in many societies and use this fact to support the claim that stratification is not inevitable. The section on “Functionalist Perspectives” on p. 213 and 214 contains the content. According to the well-known classical sociologists Kings-ley Davis and Wilbert Moore (1945), inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society. The Davis–Moore thesis, which has become the definitive functionalist explanation for social inequality, can be summarized as follows: 1.All societies have important tasks that must be accomplished and certain positions that must be filled. 2.Some positions are more important for the survival of society than others. 3.The most important positions must be filled by the most qualified people (see • Figure 7.22). 4.The positions that are the most important for society and that require scarce talent, extensive training, or both must be the most highly rewarded. 5.The most highly rewarded positions should be those that are functionally unique (no other position can perform the same function) and on which other positions rely for expertise, direction, or financing. Know what these mean (p. 210) and who is vulnerable (what groups and where): : • Blue-collar work - refers to individuals who engage in hard manual labor, typically in the agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining, or maintenance sectors . workers work most often in a non-office setting (construction site, production line, driving etc.). They use their hands and physical abilities to perform their duties. Examples of blue collar

employees include construction worker, machine operator, millwright, assembler and truck driver. • Pink-collar work - relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions semiskilled, primarily held by women. relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women. • White-collar work - workers are suit-and-tie workers who work at a desk and, stereotypically, eschew physical labor . They tend to make more money than blue-collar workers. White-collar work used to mean a high level of education and the assumption of securing a cushy job with perks. workers are those who work in an office. The name comes from older times, too, when office workers usually wore white, collared shirts at work (and some of them still do). The writer Upton Sinclair was the one who coined this term. Chapter 8 Modernization theory: what is it -a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth. which social theorists are connected to it? P. 234  Perhaps the best-known modernization theory is that of Walt W. Rostow (1971, 1978), who, as an economic adviser to U.S. President John F. Kennedy, was highly instrumental in shaping U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America in the 1960s. Rostow suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development, with identical content, regardless of when these nations started the process of industrialization.  Modernization theory has had both its advocates and its critics. LO1 What is social stratification, and how do the three major systems of stratification compare? Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources. People are treated differently based on where they are positioned within the social hierarchies of class, race, gender, and age. Stratification systems include slavery, caste, and class. Slavery, an extreme form of stratification in which people are owned or controlled by others, is a closed system. The caste system is also a

closed one in which people's status is determined at birth based on their parents' position in society. The class system, which exists in the United States, is a type of stratification based on ownership of resources and on the type of work that people do. LO2 How did Karl Marx view social class and stratification? Marx viewed social class as a key determinant of social inequality and social change. For Marx, class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship to the means of production. Marx stated that capitalistic societies consist of two classes—the capitalists and the workers— and class relationships involve inequality and exploitation. LO3 What is Max Weber's multidimensional approach to social stratification? Weber emphasized that no single factor (such as economic divisions between capitalists and workers) was sufficient for defining the location of categories of people within the class structure. Weber developed a multidimensional concept of stratification that focuses on the interplay of wealth, prestige, and power. LO4 What are the key characteristics of social classes in the United States? No broad consensus exists about how to characterize the class structure in this country. Sociologists have developed two models of the class structure: One is based on a Weberian approach, the other on a Marxian approach. In the Weberian-based approach, social classes are based on three elements: (1) education, (2) occupation of family head, and (3) family income. This approach to class structure consists of the upper class, the upper-middle class, the middle class, the working class, the working poor, and the underclass. Contemporary Marxian models examine class in terms of people's relationship to others in the production process. LO5 What is the difference between income inequality and wealth inequality? Income is the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (governmental aid), and ownership of property. In 2014 the wealthiest 20 percent of U.S. households received more than half (51.2 percent) of the total income “pie,” while the poorest 20 percent of households received slightly more than 3 percent of all income. Wealth includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies. Wealth is even more unevenly distributed than income. LO6 What are three important consequences of inequality in the United States? The stratification of society into different social groups results in wide discrepancies in income and wealth and in variable access to available goods and services. People with high income or wealth have greater opportunity to control their own lives. They can afford better housing, more education, and a wider range of medical services. People with less income have fewer life chances and must spend their limited resources to acquire basic necessities. LO7 What are the characteristics of the U.S. poor based on age, gender, and race/ethnicity? Age, gender, and race tend to be factors in poverty. Children have a greater risk of being poor than do the elderly, and women have a higher rate of poverty than do men. Although whites account for approximately two- thirds of those below the poverty line, people of color account for a disproportionate share of the impoverished in the United States. LO8 How do functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on social inequality compare?

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Functionalist perspectives view classes as broad groupings of people who share similar levels of privilege on the basis of their roles in the occupational structure. According to the Davis–Moore thesis, stratification exists in all societies, and some inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the ongoing functioning of society. The positions that are most important within society and that require the most talent and training must be highly rewarded. Conflict perspectives on class are based on the assumption that social stratification is created and maintained by one group (typically the capitalist class) in order to enhance and protect its own economic interests. Conflict theorists measure class according to people's relationships with others in the production process. Unlike functionalist and conflict perspectives that focus on macrolevel inequalities in societies, symbolic interactionist views focus on microlevel inequalities such as how class location may positively or negatively influence one's identity and everyday social interactions. Symbolic interactionists use terms such as social cohesion and deference to explain how class binds some individuals together while categorically separating out others.

Study Guide for Week 4 Quiz

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