SOC LECTURE 09.10.20

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SOC100

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Jan 9, 2024

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September 10, 2020 Lecture: https://mymedia.library.utoronto.ca/play/d7626d0906a2e7ec2d50f131 bdd949b2 Presentation: https://q.utoronto.ca/courses/183534/files/folder/slides? preview=8714026 1. How social forces influence us 2. How social forces first became visible How social forces influence… a. Height Sociological causes of height in large human populations: Income > diet quality > height > economic success 1. Higher income is associated with a more nutritious diet 2. Nutritious diet associated with growing taller 3. Height is associated with economic success (higher income, rising to the top of an occupation quickly) - Effect on income on height is evident when examining income inequality between countries and within countries class systems o In countries with the greatest income inequality between classes, there is also the greatest difference in average height o In countries with the lowest level of income inequality between classes (Denmark or Sweden), there is no difference in average height between classes - This is one example of how social forces influence human thought and action Sociology: the systematic study of human thought and action in social contexts. Based on the idea that our relations with other people, often unnoticed, create opportunities for us to think and act, but also set limits on our thoughts and actions. SELF TEST 1 1. Which factor(s) influence(s) one’s height? a. one’s genetic inheritance b. the nutritional quality of one’s diet as a child c. neither (a) nor (b) d. both (a) and (b) 2. How do income and height tend to vary between countries? a. Average height increases with average income. b. People of Chinese origin tend to be shorter than people from the former Yugoslavia. c. For low-income countries, average height increases a lot with average income; for high- income countries, average height increases moderately. d. People from the former Yugoslavia tend to be shorter than people of Chinese origin.

3. The height difference between high-income Danes and low-income Danes is negligible. What should this fact lead us to conclude? a. Income and height do not vary proportionately. b. Exceptions exist to the rule that income and height vary proportionately. c. The height difference between high-income Danes and low-income Danes is negligible because income inequality is so low in Denmark. d. all of the above 4. For which people did we find that genes influence height? a. people of Chinese origin b. people from the former Yugoslavia c. people from Scandinavia (Danes, Swedes, etc.) d. both (a) and (b) b. Laughter Status: a recognized social position (e.g. position in a hierarchy of wealth, power, prestige) that is based on perceived or actual differences of class, race, gender, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, or disability. - When people of different statuses interact, those in higher status positions tend to joke more, while those in lower status positions tend to laugh more. Meaning, when we laugh, we reinforce the status hierarchy. The effect of laughter on status hierarchies involving people of the same and different statuses: - When higher status people interacting among themselves, laughing about those of a lower status makes them feel superior and further reinforces the status hierarchy. - When higher status and lower status people interact, the higher status people tend to joke more and the lower status people tend to laugh more, further reinforcing the status hierarchy, as the higher status people feel elevated from the lower status’ laughter - When lower status people interact among themselves, they may joke about higher status people, thus challenging the status hierarchy. SELF TEST 2 1. What consequence can laughter have for status hierarchies? a. Laughter can reinforce status hierarchies. b. Laughter can subvert status hierarchies. c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) 2.When higher-status and lower-status people interact, and the higher-status person causes the lower-status person to laugh, what is the consequence for the status hierarchy? a. Laughter reinforces the status hierarchy. b. Laughter subverts the status hierarchy. c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) 3.When higher-status people interact among themselves, what is the consequence of downward humour for the status hierarchy? a. Laughter reinforces the status hierarchy.

b. Laughter subverts the status hierarchy. c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) 4.When lower-status people interact among themselves and joke about higher status people, what is the consequence for the status hierarchy? a. Laughter reinforces the status hierarchy. b. Laughter subverts the status hierarchy. c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) c. Suicide Psychologists’ question: What state of mind lead’s someone to commit suicide? Sociologists’ question: What accounts for variation across groups in the suicide rate, that is, the number of suicides per 100,00 people in a year? Emile Durkheim’s (1858-1917) answer: A group’s suicide rate is determined by the groups level of social solidarity , which is the frequency with which its members interact and the degree to which they share norms (culturally defined expectations on actions). Durkheim’s Evidence: - Found that the higher a group’s level of social solidarity, the lower its suicide rates. o E.g., Durkheim collected statistics that the women and young people had a much lower suicide rate than men and those of older age. This is because the men and older age group exhibited less social solidarity. - Durkheim did not examine the characteristics of individuals (psychology), he examined the characteristics of groups (sociology) - He didn’t deny that those who commit suicide may be psychologically distressed, however, he did argue that between two people with the same level of psychological distress, the person that belonged to a group or groups that exhibit low levels of social solidarity, would be more likely to commit suicide. Durkheim’s theory of suicide: Egoistic suicide: most common among people who have weaker social ties to others (e.g., men, unmarried people, elderly people) Anomic suicide: most common among people who lack a strong structure of norms (e.g. Indigenous peoples whose cultures where disrupted and destroyed by colonizers) Altruistic suicide: most common among people who have exceptionally strong social ties to others and share exceptionally strong norms with them (e.g., soldiers) - The suicide rate is lowest at intermediate levels of social solidarity - It is highest at low and high levels of social solidarity SELF TEST 3 1. According to Durkheim, which type of suicide predominates under conditions of high and low social solidarity? a. Anomic suicide predominates under high solidarity; altruistic suicide predominates under low solidarity. b. Egoistic suicide predominates under high solidarity; altruistic suicide predominates under low solidarity.

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c. Altruistic suicide predominates under high solidarity; anomic suicide predominates under low solidarity. d. Egoistic suicide and anomic suicide predominates under low solidarity; altruistic suicide predominates under high solidarity. 2. According to Durkheim, at what level of social solidarity is the suicide rate lowest? a. intermediate b. low c. high 3.How was the distribution of suicide in 19th century France similar to the distribution of suicide in 21 st century Canada? a. It was not similar. b. In both cases, the female rate was about 1/3 as high as the male rate. c. In both cases, the suicide rate increased across in older age cohorts. d. In both cases, the suicide rate decreased across in older age cohorts. 4.How was the distribution of suicide in 19th century France different than the distribution of suicide in 21 st century Canada? a. It was not different. b. In 19th century France, the suicide rate among females was nearly the same as the suicide rate among males, while in 21st century Canada, the suicide rate among males is about three times higher than the suicide rate among females. c. In 19th century France, the suicide rate increased in older age cohorts, but that pattern does not exist in 21st century Canada. d. In 19th century France, the suicide rate among males was about three times higher than the suicide rate among females, while in 21stcentury Canada, the suicide rate among females is nearly the same as the suicide rate among males. How social forces first became visible: Three revolutions had to take place before the effect of social revolutions on human thought and action became evident… 1. The scientific revolution (beginning appx. 1550) encouraged the use of evidence to prove theories (Galileo) 2. The democratic revolution (beginning appx. 1770) encouraged the view that human actions can change society (French Revolution, the United States) 3. The industrial revolution (beginning appx. 1780) gave sociologists their subject matter (uprising of tech in UK, USA, Germany and so on)

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