self control

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Apr 3, 2024

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STUDY GUIDE SWAY. OVERVIEW According to the overview, theory is a statement about what? According to the overview, scientific theory is distinguished by its focus on what kind of “somethings”? According to the overview, something is empirical if you can do what to it? According to the overview, is the “something” that affects something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, is the “something” affected by something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, a theory is better if it is more valid and more of what else? According to the overview, is crime the independent or dependent variable in criminological theory? True or false (according to the overview): The vast majority of criminological theories make statements about why communities, individuals, and situations are more likely to have or commit crime. True or false (according to the overview): Criminological theories only focus on empirical somethings. True or false (according to the overview): Criminology is a discipline. False According to the overview, the current section of the course focuses on which discipline(s)? Psychological theories of crime

True or false (according to the overview): In conventional criminology, the psychological concept to receive the most attention in recent years is self-control. False According to the overview’s information on Elias, the civilizing process involves a change in what? Human conduct and sentiment have changed According to the overview’s information on Elias, has the amount of self-control people have decreased, stayed the same, or increased over time? increased According to the overview’s information on Gottfredson and Hirschi, someone has low self-control if they are what? Impulsive, insensitive, physical,risk-taking,shortsighted, and nonverbal According to the overview, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory only explains crime, no other acts. False it covers other acts like smoking cigarettes According to the overview, the Pinker read does a nice job of explaining what? The biological basis behind self-control According to the overview, what is/are the dependent variable of the theories examined in this section? Crime, meaning acts prohibited by law According to the overview, what is/are the independent variable of the theories examined in this section? Individual's self-contorl ELIAS. THE CIVILIZING PROCESS According to Elias, the civilizing process is a change in what? True or false: The civilizing process was brought about rationally through purposive education of groups. Is the last sentence true or false (all of the preceding ones are true)? Elias writes that “social functions have become more and more differentiated under the pressure of competition.” Then he goes on to say that if there are more functions, or “roles” in a society, people increasingly depend on each other. In turn,

this mutual dependence makes people more attune to how they act toward others. Elias goes on to suggest (in the same paragraph), therefore, that over time, people require more and more self-control to get through life, which reduces all sorts of so-called uncivilized behavior over time. In a modern society, according to Elias, the “chief danger” that people represent for others results from someone losing what? True or false (according to Elias): As the social fabric grows more intricate, the sociogenic apparatus of individual self-control also becomes more differentiated, more all-round and more stable. True or false (according to Elias): When a monopoly of force is formed, by which he means stable governments responsible for criminal justice, the result is violent social spaces in which people are normally at risk of being attacked. True or false (according to Elias): Societies without a stable monopoly of force, by which he means stable governments responsible for criminal justice, are always societies in which the division of functions is relatively slight and the chains of action binding individuals together are comparatively short. Based on what, according to Elias, are the more permanent compulsions of peaceful functions (as compared to the sway of constant feuds and wars)? True or false (according to Elias): Through the formation of monopolies of force, the threat which one person represents for another is subject to stricter control and becomes more calculable. True or false (according to Elias): The monopolization of physical violence imposes on people a greater or lesser degree of self-control. True or false (according to Elias): In earlier eras, such as medieval times, people had about the same amount control over their emotions as we do now. According to Elias, a “balance” in what distinguishes whether a civilizing process is considered successful or unsuccessful? GOTTFREDSON & HIRSCHI. A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME

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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what is “criminality”? How do Gottfredson and Hirschi first define “self-control”? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, classical theory is a theory of social or external control that lacks an explicit idea of what? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves delaying gratification? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves diligence? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves caution? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves maintaining long-term commitments? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves possessing and valuing cognitive skills? Gottfredson and Hirschi assume that the nature of self-control can be derived directly from the nature of crime. From what characteristic of crime do they infer that self-control involves caring about others? Gottfredson and Hirschi theorize that because crime involves the pursuit of immediate pleasure, people lacking self-control will also do what?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, children are born with a greater or lesser ability to have self- control. What do the authors say is the other major factor affecting how much self-control children have? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what are the minimum conditions necessary to teach a child self- control? In other words, what must someone do to/with that child? True or false (according to Gottfredson and Hirschi): People lacking self-control are good at socializing their children well. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, compared to the family, the school has what advantages as a socializing institution? True or false (according to Gottfredson and Hirschi): In contemporary American society, the school has a difficult time teaching self-control to children. PINKER. THE BETTER ANGELS OF OUR NATURE According to Pinker, the ubiquity of homicide fantasies shows what? Immune to temptations of violence According to Pinker, homicide has dropped how much between medieval and modern Europe? According to Pinker, what is the difference between selfishness and self-indulgence? According to Pinker, self-indulgence becomes irrational when we do what? According to Pinker, does the phenomenon known as myopic discounting suggest that when two awards are far away, people will pick a small reward that comes sooner or a large reward that comes later? True or false (according to Pinker): We can explain self-control as a tug of war between the limbic system and the frontal lobes.

According to Pinker, which part of the brain is most involved in self-control? According to Pinker, which part of the brain is most involved in emotionally driven self-control, i.e. apprehension? Pinker mentions a study by Raine that found violence arises from what? True or false (according to Pinker): Children who chose getting two marshmallows later, instead of one now, wind up having higher SAT scores. According to Pinker, research finds that people with low self-control are more likely to perpetrate acts of violence. According to Pinker, people commit less crime after adolescence and early adulthood for what reason? According to Pinker, at what point in a person’s life is the wiring of the prefrontal cortex complete? According to Pinker, the rise in what two things can overtake the rise in self-control that happens during adolescence? True or false (according to Pinker): It is likely that either self-control OR intelligence affects crime, not both. True or false (according to Pinker): Experiments show that like muscles, self-control can become fatigued. True or false (according to Pinker): The research supports Elias’ conjecture that violence may be caused by weakness in an overarching neural mechanism of self-control What does Pinker mention as ways to improve self-control or reduce the effect of low self-control? (Hint: The answer is found over several pages, but summarizes in a single line.)

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THEORIST VIDEO. GOTTFREDSON What does Gottfredson identify as getting him into criminology? When Gottfredson went to graduate school, what did he think he would study (i.e., what was his interest)? What does Gottfredson first mention as being in his “biography” that is connected to his research interests? True or false: Gottfredson says that theory and data go together. What does Gottfredson say is “great” about the field of criminology? What does Gottfredson first mention as the things for which he is most proud of in his career? According to Gottfredson, is there more, about the same, or less controversy today than 30 years ago over the basic nature of crime and delinquency? What does Gottfredson say is the “great task of a theorist”? True or false: Gottfredson doesn’t think there are new ideas. What does Gottfredson say is the “status of the theory,” referring to the general theory of crime? What does Gottfredson first identify as an “exciting extension” of the theory? According to Gottfredson, why does deterrence not work very well? What does Gottfredson first say that he wishes he had done differently in his career?

What does Gottfredson say of the “prospects” of criminology as a field of study? What does Gottfredson first mention as the shifts and changes in criminology over the last few decades?

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