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St. Augustine's University *

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Jamie whitaker Study guide 9/20/22 1. Which term is used by the text to describe societal attitudes and behaviors associated with an individual's anatomical sex assigned at birth? a. biological sex b. gender expectations c. sexism d. gender identity 2. _ Gender/Gender role _________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology. 3. Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called? Gender Expectations 4. Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society’s definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy’s perceptions are linked to her Gender Identity

5. A highly masculine male who paints his fingernails pink is BEST described as an example of Gender Bending 6. Men are expected to have __ Agentic_______ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition. 7. Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __ Instrumental ________ character traits. 8. A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody ___ _Expressive______ character traits. 9. Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others’ welfare above self-interest can be classified as__ Expressive________ character traits. 10. The text observes that there are three major culturally defined obligations in masculinity. Which of the following is NOT one of those obligations? Portraying emotional openness

11. According to the text, a woman lives with a(n) _ Bifurcated consciousness_________ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her, but it is not highly valued in society. 12. Transgender and __ Intersexual_____ individuals challenge the existing classifications of gender. 13. Which is the correct term for a person who has been born with ambiguous genital anatomy? Intersex 14. Persons who change gender identity are referred to as Transgender 15. The within-group variations among men or women are usually __ Greater than______ the between-group variations of men and women. 16. Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex- reassignment surgery are Transsexuals

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17. Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on White, Middle-class, and heterosexual 18. Suppose a researcher is observing the differences between men and women. This illustrates _Between - group_________ variation. 19. “Chromosomes, hormones, the internal sex structures, the gonads and the external genitalia all vary more than most people realize.” This statement complements a discussion of which of the following? Intersexuality 20. Since the 9/11 attacks, the so-called "can-do" man tackles traumatic events head-on but also feels free to express emotions 21. An alternate __ Cultural Message _________ for men emphasizes adventure, sometimes coupled with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war. 22. The _ _Superwomen _____ message is the image of a woman who attained career success and supports her family.

23. A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the “__ Professional ________ woman,” who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident. 24. According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as The military 25. Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these? Career Ambition 26. The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in _ All race/Ethnic Groups ______. 27. Research finds that black couples prefer more role __ _Flexibility _____ and power sharing than whites. 28. Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine ___ Privilege____ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.

29. Latino men are stereotyped as extremely patriarchal, following a cultural ideal of Machismo 30. The increasing independence of Asian women in the U.S. has been attributed to _ _Discrimination_______. 31. Native American women's political power _ Declined_______ with European invasion. 32. In biology-based arguments of gender, a predisposition can be influenced by social structure _______. 33. When researchers examine gender in relation to its linkage to race/ethnicity and class, they are stressing intersectionality 34. Dramaturgy_______ sees individuals as enacting culturally fashioned scripts and socially prescribed roles in front of others. 35. Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape gender roles. In this view, it is adaptive strategies and skills __________ that produce the gendered behavior we see. 36. On the societal level, Masculine dominance__________ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society’s institutions.

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37. Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population – are ________ in high government positions. a. extremely overpaid 38. Today, women compose ___ 19_______ percent of Congress. 39. Actual practice among conservative Christian couples appears more egalitarian than formal doctrine would suggest ____________. 40. According to the text, women full-time employees earn ____ 79______ percent of what employed men do. 41. Women _ surpass____ men in the proportion of the population who are college graduates. 42. Although women outnumber men in college today, gender differentiation in choice of majors still exists 43. Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that _ _Virtually all _________ societies have been characterized by some degree of masculine dominance. 44. After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research has found as much as a __ 20_____ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination. 45. Cultural Images________ in language and media convey gendered expectations.

46. The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called Socialization 47. The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization? Social learning 48. Some psychologists think that what comes first is not rules about what boys and girls should do, but rather the child’s awareness of being a boy or a girl. This thinking reflects which theory of socialization? Self – Identification 49. Overall, gender schema theorists see gender schema as __________ traditional stereotypes. a. contradicting b. actively opposing c. mediating d. maintaining 50. According to the ___________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them. Interaction- constructionist

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