SOC 102 Literature Review

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Mixed-Racial Identity Formation 1 Mixed-Racial Identity Formation and How It Influences Interactions, Perceptions, And Experiences Kylah Hervey As the United States becomes more and more diverse, there has been a major increase in individuals identifying as bi- or multi-racial. In 2020, approximately 33.8 million individuals identified as multiracial, which is a 276% increase from the 9 million individuals in 2010 (Jones et al 2021). With such a major increase, the issue of identity and development in relation to biracial individuals has become a notable and complex sociological concern. As the growing amount of individuals who identify as mixed racial continues to surge, understanding how these individuals develop and explore their social identities is very important. This research proposal aims to explore different aspects of how mixed-racial individual identities are formed and how it influence their interaction, perceptions, and experiences. In doing this study, I intend to answer the question: How do biracial individuals develop and navigate their social identities within sociocultural contexts, and how do these identities influence their interactions, perceptions, and experiences? To do this I will be taking a qualitative approach by conducting one-on-one, in-depth interviews with multiracial individuals, collecting data on participants' experiences, perspectives, and feelings. These interviews will allow the participants to provide answers in their own words to shed light on the unique challenges and opportunities they face while navigating their identities. This research seeks to examine the processes that take place in the way mixed-race identities are constructed and the way these identities influence experiences.

Mixed-Racial Identity Formation 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Identity Development among Mixedracial Individuals Being able to understand the identity development of mixed-racial individuals is important to learn about the dynamics of their interactions, perceptions, and experiences. Research on this has shown that racial identification is fluid and has the ability to change throughout one’s lifetime. Specifically, in a study measuring changes in the identification of biracial individuals whose parents were Black and White, the researchers found lighter skin adolescents have a greater likelihood of changing their identification to a non-black race, while individuals with darker skin were more likely to identify as Black only (Reece 2019). This development process can be difficult and influenced by a variety of social factors. Multiracial individuals may sometimes feel societal pressure to identify as a certain race, which can lead to psychological distress in some cases (Green and Bryant 2023). Intersectionality and Sociocultural Context Identity development in multiracial development is connected to sociocultural contexts as well as intersectionality. How multiracial individuals perceive themselves can be influenced by sociocultural factors. These factors can include things such as family dynamics, racial and ethnic community affiliations, and societal views. Research has found that the messages parents pass on to their children or racial-ethnic socialization development (Csizmadia and Atkin 2022). Since parents are so crucial in the identity development of multiracial individuals, the messages they transmit can socialize the child to identify as a specific race (Rosen and Greif 2021). This

Mixed-Racial Identity Formation 3 information can further complicate multiracial identity development because of how easily the development is influenced. Experiences and Perceptions of Multiracial Individuals Sociocultural contexts and identity identification also shape the experiences and perceptions of multiracial individuals. Studies have shown that multiracial face racism and discrimination, which comes from the way others perceive them and the way they perceive things around them (Mitchell 2022). They also face the unique challenge of simultaneously being considered an insider-outsider of racialized groups (Csizmadia and Atkin 2022). In order to further enhance equity and social inclusion, it is of great importance to understand the range of experiences and perceptions among multiracial individuals. By further researching the relationship between multiracial identity development and sociocultural contexts, this study aims to aid in the knowledge of how these identities influence multiracial individuals' interactions, perceptions, and experiences. Ultimately, this research study aims to obtain essential insights into identity formation in multiracial individuals in a rapidly increasingly diverse society.

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Mixed-Racial Identity Formation 4 References Castillo, Sarah E. 2022. "Multiracial Race Self-Labeling Decisions: The Influence of Gender, Social Class, and Political Party Affiliation." Social Sciences 11(2):87. Csizmadia, Annamaria, and Annabelle L. Atkin. 2022. "Supporting Children and Youth in Multiracial Families in the United States: Racial-Ethnic Socialization and Familial Support of Multiracial Experiences." Journal of Child and Family Studies 31(3):664-674. Jones, Nicholas, Rachel Marks, Roberto Ramirez, and Merarys Rios-Vargas. 2021. “2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country.” United States Census Bureau . Mitchell, Yolanda T. 2022. "She’s Biracial, but She’s Still Black: Reflections from Monoracial African American Parents Raising Biracial Children." Journal of Child and Family Studies 31(3):675-684. Reece, Robert L. 2019. "Coloring Racial Fluidity: How Skin Tone Shapes Multiracial Adolescents’ Racial Identity Changes." Race and Social Problems 11(4):290-298. Rosen, Jamie E., and Geoffrey Greif. 2023. "The Voices of Interracial and Interethnic Couples Raising Biracial, Multiracial, and Bi-Ethnic Children Under 10 Years Old: C & A." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 40(5):671-683.

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