CRJU201 - Criminology Theory Essay4

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Bryant & Stratton College *

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202

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Sociology

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Feb 20, 2024

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CRJU201 – Criminology Theory Essay Assignment 1 **Title: Evolution of Criminology Theories: A Comparative Analysis** Criminology, as a field, has witnessed the emergence and evolution of various theories aiming to explain the root causes of criminal behavior. This essay delves into the history and evolution of two prominent criminology theories: Classical Criminology and Social Learning Theory. Identified theorists for these theories are Cesare Beccaria for Classical Criminology and Albert Bandura for Social Learning Theory. Classical Criminology, originating in the 18th century, represents a shift from the punitive and arbitrary justice systems of the time. Cesare Beccaria, an Italian Enlightenment thinker, is credited as one of the founders of this theory. Beccaria's work, particularly "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764), emphasized the importance of rationality in criminal decision-making. He argued for proportionate punishment, swift justice, and the certainty of consequences to deter criminal behavior. Classical Criminology laid the groundwork for the modern criminal justice system, influencing legal reforms and the concept of due process. Beccaria's ideas sparked debates and discussions, ultimately shaping the principles of justice in many Western societies. The theory's emphasis on individual rights, fair punishment, and legal equality has become a cornerstone in the development of criminal law.

The benefits of Classical Criminology lie in its promotion of fairness, proportionality, and the deterrence of criminal behavior through rational decision-making. However, critics argue that the theory oversimplifies human behavior, neglecting social and environmental factors that may contribute to criminal acts. A real-life example illustrating Classical Criminology is the case of white-collar crime. Individuals engaging in embezzlement or corporate fraud may weigh the potential consequences, believing that the financial gains outweigh the risks. The deterrence factor, therefore, relies on the perceived certainty and severity of punishment. In the future, Classical Criminology principles can be applied to refine sentencing guidelines, ensuring they align with the severity of the crime. Additionally, emphasizing swift justice and addressing systemic issues within the legal system can contribute to deterrence. Social Learning Theory, developed by Albert Bandura in the 20th century, focuses on how individuals learn through observing others. Bandura's work emphasizes the role of socialization, modeling, and reinforcement in shaping behavior. The theory suggests that criminal behavior can be learned through interactions with others, particularly in a social environment that promotes deviance.

Social Learning Theory evolved in response to critiques of purely individualistic theories. Bandura expanded on behaviorism, incorporating cognitive processes and social factors into the understanding of criminal behavior. The theory has influenced studies on juvenile delinquency and intervention programs. The strengths of Social Learning Theory lie in its recognition of the social context in shaping behavior and its applicability to understanding a wide range of criminal acts. However, the theory may not fully account for biological and individual differences that contribute to criminal behavior. A real-life example illustrating Social Learning Theory is the phenomenon of gang violence. Individuals may learn aggressive behavior, values, and norms from their peers within a gang context. The reinforcement of these behaviors within the social group contributes to the perpetuation of criminal acts. In the future, Social Learning Theory can inform prevention and intervention strategies. Criminal justice professionals can develop targeted programs aimed at disrupting negative social influences and promoting prosocial behaviors. Community-based initiatives focusing on positive role models and mentorship can be employed to counteract criminogenic social environments. In conclusion, the evolution of Classical Criminology and Social Learning Theory has significantly shaped the landscape of criminological thought. While Classical Criminology emphasizes rational decision-making and deterrence through just punishment,

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Social Learning Theory underscores the influence of social interactions in the acquisition of criminal behavior. Both theories have benefits and weaknesses, and their real-life applications offer insights into understanding and preventing criminal acts. As the field of criminology progresses, integrating these theories into comprehensive strategies can contribute to a more effective and just criminal justice system.

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