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Introduction to Sociology Chapter 1 SLA Carefully read and thoroughly respond to each of the following questions/items. Be sure to use a paragraph structure in your responses and to elaborate. (Your goal should not merely be to provide a response; rather, you should aim to provide a response that is well reasoned and intelligent. Aim to impress me!) 1. What is sociology and what is the sociological perspective/imagination ? Define and describe these. 2. Clearly present THE BIG THREE theoretical perspectives in sociology: Structural functionalism, social-conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Which are macroscopic in their orientations; which is microscopic? Justify. What are the inherent strengths and weaknesses in each of these approaches? Explain. Which do you think is best at examining human society and behavior? Defend. Finally, how do you think these perspectives relate to the major research orientations : Positivist sociology, critical/conflict sociology, and interpretive sociology? Discuss. 3. Identify and describe four distinctive general research methods used in sociological observation and analysis. Which do you think is the best and why? Discuss. 1. Sociology is the systemic study of human society. The sociological perspective guides sociologists in making sense of the social world. social integration is a characteristic of society or social situations. While some social situations offer ample opportunity for people to experience social ties or solidarity others are marginalized. 2. social-conflict theory - Society is understood to be an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Society is seen as a system whose parts benefit some categories of people (the dominant) more so than others (the disadvantaged). Symbolic interaction- Society is understood to be the product of everyday interactions of individuals. The focus is on how individuals interact through symbols to create their social realities and the ways in which they experience the worlds in which they live. Structural functionalism- Society is understood to be a complex system comprised of parts (i.e., social structures) that interdependently work together to promote the solidarity or integration and stability (i.e., functions) of the whole Social conflict and structural are, macroscopic symbolic interactionism is microscopic. Strengths and weaknesses Structural functionalism- The paradigm minimizes or even plainly ignores social inequalities that can generate tension and conflict.

The paradigm is politically conservative in that it is inherently supportive of the status quo. Structural functionalism focuses on macro-level societal realities Social-conflict theory - The paradigm ignores how consensus (or shared values) and interdependence can unify members of a society. Because it is politically liberal—even radical, in some iterations—the paradigm is not objective. Social conflict theory focuses on macro-level societal realities. Symbolic interaction - As a micro-level paradigm, symbolic interactionism overlooks the social and cultural structures that shape society as a whole. The 3 methods of sociology are: scientific method - The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the social world based on empirical evidence. It is defined by its commitment to systematic observation of the empirical world and strives to be objective, critical, skeptical, and logical. It involves a series of six prescribed steps that have been established over centuries of scientific scholarship. Critical Sociology Critical sociology focuses on deconstruction of existing sociological research and theory. Informed by the work of Karl Marx, scholars known collectively as the Frankfurt School proposed that social science, as much as any academic pursuit, is embedded in the system of power constituted by the set of class, caste, race, gender, and other relationships that exist in the society. Consequently, it cannot be treated as purely objective. Critical sociologists view theories, methods, and the conclusions as serving one of two purposes: they can either legitimate and rationalize systems of social power and oppression or liberate humans from inequality and restriction on human freedom. Deconstruction can involve data collection, but the analysis of this data is not empirical or positivis Interpretive Framework While many sociologists rely on empirical data and the scientific method as a research approach, others operate from an interpretive framework. While systematic, this approach doesn’t follow the hypothesistesting model that seeks to find generalizable results. Instead, an interpretive framework, sometimes referred to as an interpretive perspective, seeks to understand social worlds from the point of view of participants, which leads to in-depth knowledge or understands about the human experience. Interpretive research is generally more descriptive or narrative in its findings. Rather than formulating a hypothesis and method for testing it, an interpretive researcher will develop approaches to explore the topic at

hand that may involve a significant amount of direct observation or interaction with subjects including storytelling. This type of researcher learns through the process and sometimes adjusts the research methods or processes midway to optimize findings as they evolve. 3.we can identify four distinct research methodologies used in sociology. Experiments Application: Experiments are used in explanatory research strategies designed to substantiate causal relationships between variables. Advantages: Experiments provide the greatest opportunity to establish cause and effects, and experiments are easy to replicate. Limitations: Experiments often occur within laboratory settings, which have an artificial quality. Surveys research Application: Surveys are useful for descriptive and explanatory research. Survey research can gain insights into things that cannot be directly observed, such as values and attitudes. Advantages: Through sampling, survey research can be used to observe very large populations. In the case of in-depth interviewing, detailed information can be gathered through probing techniques. Limitations: Survey research must be planned well to yield acceptable response rates. In-depth interviewing can be expensive and time consuming Particpant obsvervation Application: Participant observation is useful for exploratory and descriptive studies of people in their natural settings. Advantages: Participant observation is usually inexpensive, and it allows for the study of “natural” behavior. Limitations: Participant observation is time consuming; research replication is difficult; the researcher must balance roles of participation and observation. Existing Data Sources Application: Use of existing data can be beneficial for exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory inquiries (whatever the data warrant). Advantages: Using existing data sources is generally fast and inexpensive. Limitations: Relying on existing data sources, the researcher has no control over the nature or quality of the data In my opinion, I think that the best method of research is by Experiments cause It is more easy and its gives the greatest opportunity to esthablish cause and effects.

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