PSY 211 Discussion 5

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Feb 20, 2024

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 How do an individual's experiences in Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem impact their views on or practices surrounding death? Per Sigelman and Rider (2018,) systems or contextual theories claim that, “…changes over the life span arise from ongoing transactions in which a changing organism and a changing environment affect one another.” Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, which is a systems theory, describes the way environments are organized and how it effects a person’s development (Sigelman & Rider, 2018.) Additionally, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model consists of four environmental systems with a reciprocal nature which includes microsystems, mesosystems, and exosystems as well as a macrosystem that encapsulates the first three. A macrosystem includes, “…a society’s cultural values, laws, political and economic systems, and institutions (Sigelman & Rider, 2018.)” Therefore, an individual’s views and practices surrounding death would be heavily impacted by Bronfenbrenner’s ideas on macrosystems as a person’s death or process of dying varies from culture to culture. Furthermore, depending on other systems surrounding an individual during their development such as their socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geographic location, or ideologies, the experience of interaction with these systems can shape their conceptions of death and dying. Therefore, an individual’s experiences within their macrosystem will impact their view on death depending on their interaction with their specific cultural environment. In both Mexican and Maori traditions, death plays an important role. In Mexico, death is so prominent in the culture that it both celebrated and embraced. It has been said that by Nobel Laureate Octavio Paz that, “The word “death” is not pronounced in New York, in Paris, in London, because it burns the lips… The Mexican, in contrast, is familiar with death, jokes about it, caresses it, sleeps with it, celebrates it; it is one of his favorite toys and his most steadfast love” (1985, p. 57 as cited in Gutiérrez et al., 2019. ) Mexican’s views towards death are rooted in traditional indigenous practices as well as European Catholic beliefs. This mixture of tradition is best represented by the Dia De Los Muertos annual celebration which combines aspects of All Saints and All Souls Day from Catholicism with aspects of Aztec festivals to honor children and adults who have passed away. Dia De Los Muertos celebrates the day that souls of the dead return to Earth to visit loved ones, signifying the belief that the soul continues to exist after death. Traditional Aztec alters, known as ofrunda, are decorated with incense, flowers, and bright colors to help honor the dead while helping to guide the returning soul home (Gutiérrez et al., 2019.) In addition to celebrating Dia De Los Muertos once a year, when someone dies in the Mexican culture, generally a Catholic funeral ceremony is held where family and friends spend time with the deceased body before burial after which the family continues to pray together for nine consecutive days. During this time period, family and friends of the deceased will eat, drink and hold vigil as they pray for good luck for their loved ones soul and openly grieve with one another (Gutiérrez et al., 2019.) The Maori culture, that can be found in New Zealand, also has indigenous traditions and although New Zealand has European Catholic influences, the Maori follow the solely the traditions of their ancestors. Similar to Mexican belief, the Maori also believe that the soul exists in the afterlife even after biological death. They believe that both life and death are apart of the

life cycle and that the soul passes through a veil from the physical world to the afterlife to a spiritual home (Aronui, 2024.) As Maori spirituality is very fluid, funeral practices for the deceased can vary between tribes and even family to family within the same tribe. However, majority of the Maori follow the same funeral practice for the dead called, tangihanga. The tangihanga ceremony lasts several days where family and friends gather to deliver speeches, perform traditional chants, and grieve together (Aronui, 2024.) The importance of tangihanga is to remind the Maori of the importance of life, their people and relationships. Unlike the Mexican culture that absorbs European Catholic practices into their indigenous traditions, the Maori are often at odds with Catholic influences during the period of mourning of their loved ones. Occasionally, it can lead to arguments between family in deciding where the dead’s final resting place should be. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model provides an understanding of how multiple systems interact such as the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem; and the how the interaction of these systems influence an individual’s development. I believe that this model applies to more than one programmatic theme such as emotional intelligence. For example, the microsystem involves an individual’s interactions with their close-knit circle such as family and friends. Applying emotional intelligence in interactions with others is important because it helps to foster strong relationships and influences social development within that microsystem. Additionally, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model can also apply to career connections as an exosystem refers to larger social systems, such as the workplace. Understanding how larger social systems can influence development can help in future careers by helping to make connections to other people, of course, this idea also applies to emotional intelligence. References Aronui, T. (2024). Transitioning through the ārai (veil) . Www.teipuaronui.co.nz. https://www.teipuaronui.co.nz/transitioning-through-the-rai-veil

Gutiérrez, I. T., Menendez, D., Jiang, M. J., Hernandez, I. G., Miller, P., & Rosengren, K. S. (2019). Embracing Death: Mexican Parent and Child Perspectives on Death. Child Development , 91 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13263 Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2018). Life span human development (9th ed.). Cengage Learning Australia.

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