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Short essay questions The 2013 Human Security Report, which we discussed in Week 3, argues that there has been a long-term decline in violence in our world. What are some of the empirical trends. Does that lead them to this conclusion? The 2013 Human Security Report details how violent crime has decreased over the previous 20 years. The report discusses patterns from a range of angles, including terrorism, civil conflicts, genocidal acts, and military and political violence. According to the study, there have been 80% fewer fighting deaths in intrastate and interstate wars since the conclusion of the Cold War. This is due to a decline in the number of wars and their intensity. According to the research, there have been 90% fewer genocides and other mass atrocities, and more than 50% fewer terrorist acts and terrorism-related fatalities. The paper also examined trends in criminal justice and discovered that, in the majority of nations, killings, violent crime, and the prison population have all declined recently. This is largely attributable to enhanced law enforcement, more efficient justice systems, and greater access to chances for economic and educational advancement. Absolutely, the evidence suggests that there has been a long-term decrease in violence throughout the world. The data in the research demonstrates that since the conclusion of the Cold War, there have been much fewer battle casualties, genocides, terrorist attacks, and incidents of violence related to the criminal justice system. The decrease in violence has also been facilitated by better enforcement, more effective justice systems, and expanded access to economic and educational opportunities. The conclusion that there has been a long-term decrease in violence in our world is amply supported by this evidence.

Please explain social identity theory as Hornsey, Tajfel and Tuner defined it. In your response please make sure to explain self-categorization. The development of intergroup attitudes and the establishment of group identities are explained by Hornsey, Tajfel, and Turner's social identity theory. The notion contends that people create their sense of self through comparison to others in other groups. This act of comparison fosters a sense of identity and self-worth. Self-categorization is the central idea of the theory. Via self-categorization, individuals define themselves as members of a given group, or social category. This process fosters both a sense of distinction between groups as well as a sense of shared identity and unity among members of the same group. The relative size of the group, its degree of power, and its perceived similarity or dissimilarity to other groups are some of the elements that have an impact on the establishment of social identity. These elements influence a person's level of affiliation and commitment with a group and, in turn, how they see other groups. The hypothesis contends that self-categorization results in the formation of intergroup attitudes. People have a tendency to evaluate other groups in comparison once they identify with one. This may result in the growth of both favorable and unfavorable views toward other groups. The development of intergroup attitudes and the establishment of group identities are explained by Hornsey, Tajfel, and Turner's social identity theory. According to the theory, people self- identify as members of a particular group in order to have a sense of identity and belonging, and this process results in the development of both favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward other groups. In class we discussed the causes and drivers of terrorism, what are the two perspectives on human behavior that were identified in the readings and how does each explain terrorism?

In order to understand terrorism, two viewpoints on human behavior were found in the readings: individual-level perspectives and group-level perspectives. Perspectives at the individual level concentrate on the psychological and social factors that influence people to engage in terrorism. According to this viewpoint, terrorism is a result of personal qualities or attributes, such as a thirst for power, a need for acceptance, a lack of opportunities, or mental illness. It also suggests that those who have specific ideological convictions, like a sense of moral outrage or an acceptance of violence, or who have suffered certain personal traumas, such poverty or oppression, are more prone to engage in terrorism. On the other hand, group-level perspectives concentrate on the social and structural causes of terrorism. According to this viewpoint, social injustice, poverty, war, and oppression are causes of terrorism. It contends that individuals who are marginalized and excluded are more inclined to turn to terrorism in order to avenge themselves or achieve political change. It also implies that organizations may turn to terrorism if they lack the means or authority to achieve their objectives through other channels.

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