SSGS300 Week Five Assignement - Annotated Biblography docx

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1 Annotated Bibliography American Military University SSGS300 Research Design and Methods

2 Annotated Bibliography Burcher, M., & Whelan, C. (2019). Intelligence-Led Policing in Practice: Reflections from Intelligence Analysts. Police Quarterly, 22(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118796890 Implementing Intelligence-led policing (ILP) requires the initiation of strategic steps. Therefore, this source offers key directions to consider when initiating the plan. It shows that the ILP method is gaining more attention as technology advances, with nations like the UK, the US, Canada, and Australia in the limelight. However, they emphasize that states that want to use the same strategy must include three specific concepts. That is, the analysts and tools, analysts and data, and analysts and decision- makers. Information is needed and efficient enough to inform the process. Also, the process requires specific tools that can be used to collect, analyze and interpret the data. Similarly, proper decision-making criteria are needed to reach a well-informed solution. Moreover, the article suggests that presenting a clear comprehension of the structure and activities of the targeted law enforcement agency is fundamental to comprehending how these ideas work with ILP. Carter, J. G., & Fox, B. (2019). Community policing and intelligence-led policing: An examination of convergent or discriminant validity. Policing, 42(1), 43-58. https://doi- org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0105 One of the concepts that come to play in the ILP implementation process is community-oriented policing (COP). Various studies suggest that ILP is a unique policing. However, they do not show a proper connection that links ILP and COP. Therefore, the article offers extensive research on the relationship between the two mentioned ideas, ILP and COP. The analysis reveals that, despite the similarities

3 across COP and ILP, law enforcement programs employ each technique as a separate, independent, and distinctive philosophy rather than a combination of both concepts. Likewise, the findings offer practical advice for organizations looking to set up an ILP capability or improve an already-existing ILP strategy. The current study's findings suggest that an ILP ability should contain distinctive elements unrelated to COP. Therefore, organizations should distinguish their policies and procedures from those that serve COP as they work to build a successful ILP strategy. Capellan, J. A., & Lewandowski, C. (2018). Can threat assessment help police prevent mass public shootings? Testing an intelligence-led policing tool. Policing: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0089 Integrating a better way to curb mass shooting issues remains a mystery. Thus, it analyzed over 278 mass shootings in public in America from 1966 to 2016. By assessing how well the ILP tool might have contributed to identifying the perpetrators in their data and how law enforcement officers could have used the detailed survey to evaluate how effective counterintelligence techniques could be in averting gun massacres in public. In their findings, the article's authors demonstrated that threat assessment procedures could be valuable in the ILP's toolbox for spotting and averting future mass murders. However, the results highlight several challenges when implementing the ILP method to counterattack mass public shootings. For example, it is difficult to accurately assign risk due to misreporting threats and using risk information and attributes. The authors offer advice on how to get around these challenges, making it a reliable source for this study. Huber, N. (2020). Intelligence-led policing for law enforcement managers. Available on https://leb. FBI. gov/articles/featured-articles/intelligence-led-policing-for-law-

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4 enforcement managers. https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/intelligence-led- policing-for-law-enforcement-managers Police departments must detect, assess, and manage numerous cross-jurisdictional dangers due to the constantly changing threat environment. Modern technology is required for this endeavor to gather, store, and evaluate data. Additionally, it calls for training based on applying strategies that empower executives to choose risks in the best way feasible. Therefore, the application of ILP to accomplish those objectives is central to this article's message. According to the author of this article, the usual methods of police agencies, such as reactive police and quick responses, do not reduce crime. Instead, law enforcement responds after an incident has occurred. This approach assumes that when innocent people are hurt, the police's task is to look into it and find out who did it. However, it does not stop the violence from occurring. However, ILP helps decision-makers decide how to devote resources to finding and thwarting offenders before committing crimes. Summers, L., & Rossmo, D. K. (2018). Offender interviews: Implications for intelligence-led policing. Policing: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018- 0096 There are heated debates surrounding the consent on whether implementing ILP will effectively deliver. That is what prompted Summers and Rossmo to interview chronic acquisitive offenders, the primary targets of ILP intervention, to understand ILP abilities and ability to deter crime. They found that felons were more liable to displace, engaging in criminal acts elsewhere or afterward during the day than to stop violating the law when they came across patrol officers. Offenders' worry about being identified by authorities was one of the situations where heavy police presence was

5 most beneficial. This study serves as an example of how offender interview investigations can enhance and enhance the police's involvement in crime prevention. Although criminal interviews are a valuable data source, they have not been used much in ILP frameworks. However, the study proves otherwise, making ILP with comprehensive data and analysis procedures a productive means of preventing criminal acts. Uzlov, D., Vlasov, O., & Strukov, V. (2018, October). Using Data Mining for Intelligence- Led Policing and Crime Analysis. In 2018 International Scientific-Practical Conference Problems of Infocommunications. Science and Technology (PIC S&T) (pp. 499-502). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMMST.2018.8632122 By utilizing technological advancements in data collecting and analytics, intelligence- led police create helpful information that can be used to allocate law enforcement assets to the individuals and locations that most likely provide a significant outcome. Thus, the data mining process is part of the most critical aspect of ILP. The whole article focuses on examining and discussing the potential applications of data mining methodologies to felonious experts' tasks in the federal police, specifically about the methods of creating and executing constructive police operations for the detection and investigation of crimes. In addition, it discusses data mining technologies applicable to developing automated, technologically sophisticated systems that will increase the efficiency of the police department's data analysis process. Finally, the article's main body describes the fundamental concepts, theories, and methodologies employed in the specialized software that supports the investigative work of forensic investigators, making it an ideal source for understanding the data mining process in ILP.

6 References Burcher, M., & Whelan, C. (2019). Intelligence-Led Policing in Practice: Reflections from Intelligence Analysts. Police Quarterly, 22(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118796890 Carter, J. G., & Fox, B. (2019). Community policing and intelligence-led policing: An examination of convergent or discriminant validity. Policing, 42(1), 43-58. https://doi- org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0105 Capellan, J. A., & Lewandowski, C. (2018). Can threat assessment help police prevent mass public shootings? Testing an intelligence-led policing tool. Policing: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0089 Huber, N. (2020). Intelligence-led policing for law enforcement managers. Available on https://leb. FBI. gov/articles/featured-articles/intelligence-led-policing-for-law- enforcement managers. https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/intelligence-led- policing-for-law-enforcement-managers Summers, L., & Rossmo, D. K. (2018). Offender interviews: Implications for intelligence-led policing. Policing: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018- 0096 Uzlov, D., Vlasov, O., & Strukov, V. (2018, October). Using Data Mining for Intelligence- Led Policing and Crime Analysis. In 2018 International Scientific-Practical Conference Problems of Infocommunications. Science and Technology (PIC S&T) (pp. 499-502). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMMST.2018.8632122

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