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Nov 24, 2024

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Impact (outcome) Evaluation: Focus on what changes (like crime rate). One major obstacle is that crime prevention initiatives rarely rely on a single intervention or approach. A second set of obstacles for evaluating crime prevention revolves around the fact the target of the initiatives is a neighborhood or other geographic area. The third concern with the impact evaluation of crime prevention programs involves the competing issues of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits. Process Evaluation: Consider the implementation of a program or initiative and determine the procedures used to implement a specific program. These are to examine the social context within which the program or initiative operates (Ekblom and Pease, 1995). Factors considered are the mission/goals of the program, the level and quality of program staff, the funding and other resources of the program, obstacles faced in implementing and sustaining the initiative, the degree to which the project was carried out as planned, the level of support for the program, the degree to which the clients complied with the intervention, the quality of the data gathered, and any changes made in the program over time. Cost-Benefit Evaluation: Seeks to assess whether the costs of an intervention are justified by the benefits or outcomes that accrue from it. Cost-benefit analysis is a form of process evaluation that requires an impact to be completed at the same time. Undertaking a cost-benefit analysis in crime prevention and criminal justice poses/some problems not always found in other disciplines. The largest problem involves setting monetary values on factors that are not easily enumerated (Tilley, 2009). Theory and Measurement Evaluation: Is largely determined by basic factors related to the underlying theory and the measurement of key concepts. Theoretical Concerns: Crime prevention programs are often implemented, and evaluations are often undertaken, in a theoretical vacuum (Holcomb and Lab, 2003). This means that those implementing and evaluating the intervention pay no attention to the theoretical assumptions underlying the prevention program. A second reason for having a solid theoretical basis for the evaluation is that many investigations might not be necessary if the underlying theory for the intervention was examined. There are numerous examples in which the examination of the underlying theory would have raised questions about the efficacy of the intervention at the outset (Holcomb and Lab, 2003). Measurement Issues: The measurement of key concepts is a concern in all forms of research, but nowhere is it more evident than in evaluation research. The types of interventions found in crime prevention present some interesting measurement problems. One problem involves measuring the key outcome variables when the intervention is geographically based. While some studies looking at citywide crime levels can use police data, many crime prevention programs are based on neighborhoods or other small geographic areas that do not coincide with specific police reporting areas. Thus, a great deal of data manipulation is needed if official crime records are to be used. The advent of geographic information systems that allow for the mapping of crime locations has helped to minimize this problem but only in those locations where this technology is in use.

The Method for Evaluation: An inspection of the crime prevention literature reveals great diversity in the methodologies applied in the search for what works in prevention. A great deal of debate about the appropriate methods to use has ensued over the past 10 years. Where one view argues that true experimental design is the preferred approach, the opposite view suggests that the method should be dictated by the questions being asked and the situation within which the intervention exists. Experimental Design: true experimental designs are worthy of consideration as a randomized control trial experimental design has become the gold standard in evaluation. From a purely methodological perspective, it offers a number of strengths. First, a randomized control trial, which relies on the random assignment of cases into experimental and control groups, increases the likelihood that the two groups being compared are equivalent. Second, there is enough control over the evaluation to make certain that the experimental group receives the treatment or intervention while the control group does not. There is also the expectation that all other possible factors that could influence the outcome are controlled to the extent that they cannot affect either of the two groups. Realistic Evaluation: marginalizes the value of other approaches in building knowledge of crime prevention. Basic knowledge essential to crime prevention has come out of a variety of research endeavors, such as ethnographic and qualitative methodologies. A prime example of this is the knowledge we have of burglars and their choice of targets. Extensive ethnographic research has been completed with different groups of burglars, in different settings, across different countries, and using different approaches, such as riding around with them in cars to identify prime targets or having them rate pictures of homes on suitability for burglary. Romans 13:4 says, “ For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer” ( Romans 13:4 , n.d.). References Romans 13:4 . (n.d.). Biblegateway. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans%2013:4&version=NIV Lab, S., & Lab, S. P. (2019). Crime Prevention (10th ed.). Taylor & Francis. https://libertyonline.vitalsource.com/books/9780429751950

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