Zachary Sutton CCJ 250 Midterm

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Northern Arizona University *

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250

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Sociology

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Nov 24, 2024

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Zachary Sutton CCJ 250 Midterm Reading Check 1 Question: Like everyday people, criminologists and researchers who study crime are also influenced by their own biases and social contexts. Answer: True Explanation: This is true because every person is affected by personal biases or social context no matter how hard they try to prevent it. This is stated on page 27 of the textbook when it says that “in short, social context plays a critical role in nourishing certain ways of theorizing about crime” (Criminological Theory 27). Basically, these things come from how or where we are raised. Autumn Duncan words this perfectly in her discussion question by saying that “Some theorists may come from a predominantly rich area where poverty is not necessarily prevalent and may not completely understand the extent to how poverty and crime culture may shape one's lifestyle or way of thinking”. Reading Check 2 Question: Which school(s) of thought were supported by the philosophical thinking that humans have free will and calculate risks and rewards based on the pain-and-pleasure principle. Answer: Classical school and Naturalistic theory Explanation: These are correct because in classical and naturalistic school people aren’t thought to be completely influenced by outside factors. These include things such as how one looks or where they grew up. They instead choose to do what they want. When it comes to classical school this is stated on page 47 of the textbook when it says that “the most important feature of the classical school of thought is its emphasis on the individual criminal as a person capable of calculating what he or she wants to do” (Criminological Theory 47). Sydney White adds more understanding to this with a YouTube video she posted called Positivist vs Classical Schools of Criminology: A Brief Overview . In this video it explains that in classical school choices are made using “Hedonistic Calculus (seek pleasure, avoid pain)”. Reading Check 3 Question: The progressive/reform age sought to address social problems through changing the individual rather than radically restructuring society. Answer: True Explanation: This is true because progressives believed that social problems were caused by individual behavior and could be solved through education, moral persuasion, and other means of reforming individuals' behavior. This is stated on page 72 of the textbook when it says that “these early theories blamed individual offenders—not society—for the crime problem” (Criminological Theory 72). Hannah McCarthy adds to this by saying that in this age individual were changed by adjusting “values and thinking of the individual implemented by previous interaction with others”. Reading Check 4 Question: Which theorists attempted to bring together strain theory and the Chicago School’s approach to crime: Answer: Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin Explanation: These are the correct options because throughout the textbook it’s mentioned that the strain theory was used by Albert Cohen, Richard Cloward, and Lloyd Ohlin in a way to

Zachary Sutton explain gang delinquency. This is specifically stated on page 132 when it says that “the writings of Albert Cohen and of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin represented important extensions of Merton’s deviance approach” (Criminological Theory 132). This strain theory is further explained in a meme posted by Gabriella Kalish. This meme kind of simplifies the strain theory by saying that it “involves people committing crimes because they are very stressed”. Reading Check 5 Question: Which of the following do Hirschi and Gottfredson primarily attribute one’s level of self-control to: Answer: Parents Explanation: This is the correct answer because on page 228 of the textbook it states that “effectiveness of parental management determined a child’s level of self-control” (Criminological Theory 228). Basically, individuals who were raised with good parenting, characterized by consistent discipline and clear boundaries, are more likely to develop high levels of self-control. The ability to parent, like self-control is subject to interference. This is explained perfectly by Kaitlyn Burgess in her discussion post when she says that “social factors such as poverty and culture are some of the biggest factors that contribute to parenting and in turn self-control”. Reading Check 6 Question: Which of the following historical events of the 1960s facilitated the acceptance of labeling theory: Answer: The Civil Rights Movement, Demonstrators being killed and imprisoned, and the war in Vietnam Explanation: These answers are correct because these three things involved society labels being put on individuals based on social characteristics out of their control. An example of this is stated on page 279 when it says that “the civil rights movement not only laid bare the existence of pernicious patterns of racism, sexism, and class inequality” (Criminological Theory 279). With this racism comes racial profiling and as Ella Connolly said her discussion post this “can create a sense of distrust and resentment”. I completed my exam independently and I did not receive any unauthorized help on my exam.

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