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Anotated Bibliography- Issue of Homelessness in the America Student's Name Institutional Affiliation Course Name and Number Instructor's Name Assignment Due Date

Allegrante, J. P., & Sleet, D. A. (2021). Investing in Public Health Infrastructure to Address the Complexities of Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (16), 8887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168887 Summary Allegrante and Sleet (2021) look into homelessness as a crisis that is further exacerbated by systematic failures at local, state, and federal levels. They claim that the problem is a result of the transformation of government systems to decentralization and no investment in public infrastructures, particularly modern public health systems, over quite a while. By dwelling on the structural determinants of homelessness, like poverty, lack of affordable housing, and unemployment, the authors suggest that a multi-dimensional intervention program that includes investment in different facets of national infrastructure is needed to tackle homelessness. Dominant/Historical Narrative The mainstream narrative on homelessness centers around individuals' circumstances and personal failures, thus downplaying systemic and structural issues behind the crisis. Traditional responses have been partial, responding to the immediate needs and not addressing the root causes, like housing shortage and lack of affordable houses, economic inequalities, and inadequate public health infrastructure. Critical Perspective Allegrante and Sleet discuss failures in the systems and propose that public investment in the infrastructures is required to end homelessness. They counter the dominant narrative by demonstrating how public health disasters such as COVID-19 aggravate homeless vulnerability, showing the link between homelessness and other systemic issues. To

solve homelessness, according to the authors, national housing policy should be redesigned, and health infrastructure should be developed. Alignment of Social Work Values and Ethics Social work ethics prioritize social justice, human dignity, and human relationships, which the article reflects. Social workers perceive homelessness as a complex issue that has its roots in structural injustice and thus advocate for structural changes that would target social determinants of health. The emphasis on comprehensive public health investments and homelessness's root causes is a good example of the holistic, person–centered focus and systemic advocacy and policy reform for social justice in social work. Bishop, J., Gonzalez, L. C., & Rivera, E. (2021). America's inescapable crisis: Student homelessness. Phi Delta Kappan , 102 (7), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/00317217211007338 Summary The authors report on student homelessness in the U.S., with a special focus on California's education system. They point out that the number of homeless students in California is over 269,000, and these students are less likely to graduate and are more likely to be suspended than housed students. Thus, the authors advocate proposing a coordinated response to the problem. The article tackles the issue of student homelessness with poor federal and state support, conflicting definitions of homelessness, and the necessity of complete training of educators on supporting homeless students. Dominant/Historical Narrative The mainstream discourse around student homelessness tends to prioritize quick fixes and neglect the root problems. The traditional methods can often focus on a single individual and neglect the structural factors like economic inequality, lack of affordable housing, and

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systematic racism that may result in homelessness. The authors dispute this narrative by proving that so many complicated, interrelated factors, such as the lack of coordinated support systems and funding, make the issue of student homelessness worse. Critical Perspective The authors denounce current homelessness responses to students and demand a system change instead. They propose a unique identification of homeless students and their tracking, educator training, and increased cross-sector services. The article also talks about racial disparities and socioeconomic status with respect to homelessness and also suggests policy measures to assist the vulnerable population. Aligning with the Social Work Values and Ethics This article discusses students' rights, social justice, and human relationships, which respect social work ethics. To end student homelessness, social workers, educators, and policymakers should adopt a systemic approach. Social workers address individual and systemic issues to ensure that all students, regardless of housing status, succeed in education. The authors' coordinated, comprehensive response shows this commitment. Borum Chattoo, C., Young, L., Conrad, D., & Coskuntuncel, A. (2021). "The Rent Is Too Damn High": News Portrayals of Housing Security and Homelessness in the United States. Mass Communication and Society , 24 (4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2021.1881126 Summary This article examines the representation of housing security, homelessness, affordable housing, and gentrification in U.S. metropolitan news outlets in 2018. Authors explore in what terms these problems are framed — from causes and solutions to the affected groups. They found out that the structural causes of homelessness are stressed more than the

individual faults, while the solutions are focused on charity instead of systematic changes. Moreover, the media's coverage tends to disproportionately stigmatize marginalized racial and ethnic groups, with homeless encampments, in particular, being the main subjects of such stories. Dominant/Historical Narrative Media have traditionally blamed individuals for homelessness and housing issues, not systems. Such stories often ignore structural causes like economic inequality, poor housing, and systemic racism. The article notes the shift toward structural causes but notes that charity and volunteerism are usually the solutions. Critical Perspective The authors argue that rising rents, gentrification, and inadequate government programs cause housing insecurity, challenging the mainstream narrative. They argue that charity is not the solution because it distracts from systemic changes. The article also discusses how mass media stereotypes racial and ethnic minorities, especially in homeless encampments. Align with the Social Work Values and Ethics. This article's emphasis on structural factors causing housing insecurity instead of a treatment-based approach is congruent with the social work values and ethics that center on social justice, human dignity, and relationships. Social workers campaign for systems transformation that challenges the underlying factors of social problems such as homelessness. The critique of racialized news reporting well supports social work's stand-out role in combating racism, promoting racial equity, and advocating for inclusion for marginalized populations.

Heerde, J. A., Bailey, J. A., Toumbourou, J. W., Rowland, B., & Catalano, R. F. (2020). Prevalence of homelessness and co-occurring problems: A comparison of young adults in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Children and Youth Services Review , 109 , 104692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104692 Summary The paper aims to provide a cross-sectional, international comparison of the prevalence of young adult homelessness and co-occurring problems between Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia, using state-representative samples from the International Youth Development Study (IYDS). The study established higher rates of homelessness in Washington State as compared to Victoria and discovered that unemployment, antisocial behavior, victimization, and low income were all significant variables for homelessness in both regions. The research emphasizes the need to consider these factors so as to reduce the risk affecting young adults who are homeless. Dominant/Historical Narrative Personal shortcomings and personal situations are rather often the ones blamed for homelessness rather than systematic and structural ones. Such an approach can result in interventions directed at the immediate needs rather than the underlying causes, such as affordable housing, income inequality, and lack of comprehensive social services. Critical Perspective This study critically challenges the dominant narrative by highlighting structural issues like unemployment and low income that fuel young adult homelessness and are influenced by economic and policy frameworks. Comparing Victoria and Washington State showed that policies affect homelessness rates and intervention effectiveness. Critical theories emphasize structural inequalities and demand major social reforms.

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Aligning to Social Work Values and Ethics Social work values and ethics of social justice, human dignity, and human relationships are consistent with the article's emphasis on systemic factors and policy context comparisons. Social workers campaign for system change as well as services contingent on individual, community, and structural factors that influence social problems. Social workers promote housing, employment, and social services for homeless young people, stressing comprehensive and person-centered care. Huber, M. A., Brown, L. D., Metze, R. N., Stam, M., Van Regenmortel, T., & Abma, T. N. (2020). Exploring empowerment of participants and peer workers in a self-managed homeless shelter. Journal of Social Work, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017320974602 Summary Huber et al. (2020) conducted a study on the empowerment processes of the "Je Eigen Stek" (JES) shelter in Amsterdam, which is run by homeless people themselves. Based on an eight-year qualitative study shows the factors that influenced both participants and peer participants, which resulted in various levels of engagement and empowerment. The research design highlights the unique approach of the shelter that enables residents to manage its daily and strategic operations with support from social workers and peers with experience of homelessness. Dominant/Historical Narrative Traditionally, homelessness interventions are marked by the practice of paternalism, where service providers tell people experiencing homelessness what they need. The conventional narrative usually puts more weight on individual defects than on systemic causes, with solutions mostly targeting short-term respite instead of long-term emancipation.

The JES confronts this narrative by nurturing self-management and participation, where control and decision-making are given to its participants. Critical Perspective The paper focuses on empowerment theory and how a self-managed model can change relationships and power distribution in homelessness. It questions the deficit story of homelessness services by recognizing the power of self-management, even with its difficulties. The study, thus, reveals that social workers are key to the alignment of choice freedom with capacity building. Aligned social work values and ethics The paper's emphasis on empowerment, participant-led decision-making, and peer support aligns with social work values and ethics, particularly self-determination, dignity, and worth and the importance of human relationships. This shows how an autonomous shelter can implement these values by giving homeless people control over their environment, developing skills, supporting each other, and respecting their autonomy and potential. Provence, M. A. (2020). Encouraging the Humanization of Patrons Experiencing Homelessness: A Case Study of the Role of the US Public Library Social Worker. The Library Quarterly , 90 (4), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1086/710258 Summary Mary A. Provence's article focuses on the changing role of social workers in public libraries, particularly in their relationships with homeless patrons. The researcher employed open-ended interviews and quantitative surveys with five public library social workers to investigate the working conditions of social work practice in libraries, tools of engagement, types of social work practices, and the effects on library staff's interactions with homeless patrons. The study stresses the significance of libraries as non-discriminative environments

for people who are homeless and underpins the necessity of social workers to bring about humanizing interactions in this environment. Dominant/Historical Narrative The mainstream discourse mostly depicts public libraries as places providing access to information and supporting literacy while giving less focus on their de facto role as a shelter for people experiencing homelessness. This narrative neglects the multiple psychosocial requirements of this group of people who use libraries. Library staff have always been at the forefront of the provision of these services, although training in social work practices needs to be improved. Critical Perspective Through a critical lens, Provence illustrates how social work and librarianship confront homelessness in public libraries. This approach challenges the main story by stating that the inequality in the system is the cause of homelessness. The structural factors of homelessness and the necessity of a holistic approach in this area reveal the misconception of libraries and librarians held by many as an issue for critical social theories. Alignment with Social Work Values and Ethics Public libraries with social workers promote social work values like human dignity, relationships, and justice. Provence found that social workers use inclusive, non-stigmatizing, and person-centered models to address social issues like homelessness. Humanizing their relationships and empowering library staff to work with homeless people helps library social workers promote social integration and systemic change to end homelessness.

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