THEO 530 - FINAL RESEARCH
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Research Paper: Final Submission
The Divine Personhood of the Holy Spirit
John Mensah THEO 530: Systematic Theology II (B04)
March 3, 2024
Contents
Introduction
The Holy Spirit: Who is He?
Historical Background of The Holy Spirit
The Characteristics of the Holy Spirit
Bibliography
.................................................................................................................................
16
ii
1
Introduction
To many Christian believers, the Holy Spirit is not an object but a person. However, some Christians fail to appreciate the Holy Spirit’s personhood compared to the Father and the Son. Within the trinity, the Holy Spirit represents the third person, alongside the Father and the Son. While most Christians recognize the Holy Spirit's personhood in their doctrine, it is worth considering how often they recognize the Holy Spirit’s personhood in comparison to the Father and the Son, who are also part of the unified Godhead. This could be as a result of His invisibility, as John Davis puts it, “But in the case of the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity did not become incarnate, did not have a human body, and could not be seen in the form of a visible face.”
1
Similar to understanding the Father and the Son, gaining a complete understanding of the Holy Spirit requires the recognition of His personhood. This involves comprehending His unique
traits, responsibilities, and role in order to fully discern His presence. The members of the Holy Trinity have special roles, but they collaborate for the greater good of the kingdom. While the Christian faith regards the Holy Spirit as a divine being rather than an object, many believers overlook His personhood when speaking or praying, compared to the Father and the Son.
Suppose Christians truly acknowledge the Holy Spirit as a divine person, as many of them do. In that case, it is only fitting to honor Him as a powerful and anointed being without denying His divine attributes and personality. Despite this belief, some Christians still struggle to
give the Holy Spirit the same level of recognition as the Father and the Son. This paper will provide examples and evidence to confirm the personhood of the Holy Spirit. I hope this will 1
Davis, John Jefferson. Is the Holy Spirit Really a ‘Person’ with a Distinct Personality
? Themelios 47, no. 3 (December 2022): 550–58
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encourage Christians to acknowledge Him more fully and refer to Him as a person in their prayers and daily conversations. “The Holy Spirit is not an impersonal power at our disposal. The Spirit is a person within the eternal communion of the Trinity. We relate to the Spirit in the same way as we relate to the Father and the Son. We worship and glorify the Spirit with the Father and the Son.”
2
The Holy Spirit: Who Is He? It would be incorrect and impractical to assume that all readers of this paper have prior knowledge of the Holy Spirit. While it might be a pleasant notion for the Church to hold, it would be unwise to make such an assumption. The church’s line of thinking can be likened to assuming that anyone who attends church is a Christian or that those who pray to Allah are all Muslims. While this assertion may be debatable, it is essential to consider the definition of a “Christian” according to biblical theology. If one is not living a life centered on Christ and guided by the Holy Spirit, then one may be mistaken in justifying such an argument. “The same goes for the Muslim; there are certain customs and practices a person must do daily to be
considered as a Muslim, and praying alone does not constitute a person to be a Muslim.”
3
People often ask about the identity of the Holy Spirit. Let's explore who the Holy Spirit
is. Erickson Millard, famous for his book “Christian Theology,” defines the Holy Spirit as “the
third person of the Trinity, which has been controversial in the church for centuries.”
4
Christopher Holmes adds, “derived from the Greek word pneuma
, which means “breath, wind,
2
Booy, Gerard. God and the Holy Spirit: A Person within the Eternal Communion
. The Presbyterian record. 137, no. 3 (2013).
3
Qureshi, Nabeel. Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus
. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014, p. 53.
4
Millard, J, Erickson, Christian Theology 3
rd
Edition, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013), 771.
3
or air.”
5
“To Christians, the Holy Spirit makes up part of the Trinity that is composed of the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit.”
6
Trinity is unequivocally defined as “the state of being three persons in one Godhead,”
7
meaning, Christians worship one God, who exists as three beings.
This may seem simple to experienced believers, but for those new to Christ, comprehending the Holy Spirit's identity, nature, and role as a member of the Godhead can be challenging and perplexing. Christians may take some time to understand the Trinity's theology fully. Christianity is unique in that it worships one true God, three in nature, unlike Hinduism, which worships three or more gods. It is essential to understand that the Holy Spirit
possesses the exact nature and power as the Father and Son. He is not lesser or inferior to any member of the Godhead. “As the third member of the Trinity, He holds a significant and crucial role. “The Holy Spirit is the point to which the Trinity becomes personal to the believer.”
8
“His ministry and work is to make Jesus known to believers, and He does this by glorifying the Son.”
9
Through unwavering devotion and trust in one’s faith, the believer develops an intimate bond with the work of the Spirit. This divine force grants them the ability
to cultivate a Christian’s unique perspective and worldview, which can only be fully realized through a personal and profound connection with the Spirit. Believers receive the Spirit to testify to the rich blessings shared in God. The testimony reflects the diversity of blessings, which are unique to each believer. Scripture declares, “But you will receive power when the 5
Christopher, Holmes, R. J, The Holy Spirit, (Grand Rapids: HarperCollins Christian Publishing, 2015).
6
Thomas, Dousa, M, Life in the Spirit: Trinitarian Grammar and Pneumatic Community in Hegel and Augustine, (The Catholic Library World 86, no. 4, 2016): 266,266,268.
7
Charles, Swindoll, R. & Roy, Zuck, B. Understanding Christian Theology (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2003), 201.
8
Ibid. 9
Ibid., 773
4
Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” (Acts 1:8, ESV.) However, He is able to empower the believer without compromising any of His attributes, just as the Father and Son are able to act without compromising any of their attributes.
The Spirit's work is to bring new perspectives and life into believers. The Apostle Paul reminds believers that “Christ saved us, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewal of the Holy Spirit.” (Titus 3:5, ESV.) Christians and Churches can become ineffective without the work of the Spirit since the Spirit breathes life into existence. In the book of Genesis, it is said that the Spirit of God moved over the earth when it was formless and empty. “The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.” (Gen. 1:2, ESV.) The Spirit always brings light into darkness and breathes life into it. For this reason, “if the work of the Spirit is not affirmed and welcome, religious institutions can become idols, self-serving rather than serving the goals for which they exist.”
10
Proper understanding of the Holy Spirit and His mission for Christians and
the church is crucial. Historical Background of the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is believed to have originated from God, who is considered to be eternal
and without beginning or end. The Bible declares, “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end.” (Rev. 22:13, ESV.) “Although not mentioned in the Old Testament as often mentioned in the in the New Testament, the Holy Spirit is the same as 10
Louis, Weil, The Holy Spirit: Source of Unity in the Liturgy
, (Anglican Theological Review 83, no. 3, 2001): 409-15.
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the Holy Ghost in many Pentecostal circles.”
11
The concept of the Holy Spirit was first mentioned in the Bible in Genesis 1:2, which signifies the beginning of creation. The Holy Spirit, who existed with the Father and Son since the beginning, is introduced to Christians in the word of God. The Gospel of John explicitly states., “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (John 1:1, ESV.) Jesus, known as the word (Logos), existed with the Father and the Spirit during creation. “Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness;…” (Gen. 1:26, NKJV.) The Trinity appears together in the Old Testament using plural tenses for the first time.
During the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit appeared as a pillar of cloud during the day and a pillar of fire at night to guide the Children of Israel. The guide led and instructed the individuals in the wilderness, providing spiritual guidance and direction. The prophet Nehemiah declares, “You also gave Your good Spirit to instruct them, And did not withhold Your manna from their mouth, And gave them water for their thirst.”(Neh. 9:20, NKJV.) The Holy Spirit’s presence in the Old Testament was a crucial aspect of God’s relationship with His people. He provided them with the guidance, protection, and comfort they needed to fulfill
their purpose and reach their destination. The Holy Spirit generously fulfilled the needs of God’s people, guiding them towards the promise land like a reliable roadmap. Despite this, even Moses and his generation were unable to enter the promise land due to their lack of faith.
“In the New Testament, the Greek work “charisma”, which means “gift of grace” is used to represent the Spirit.”
12
During Jesus’ baptism in the Jordan River, the Holy Spirit 11
Peter, White, and Niemandt, Cornelius J. P, The Missional Role of the Holy Spirit: Ghanaian Pentecostals' View and practice/Die Missionale Werk Van Die Heilige Gees Vanuit Die Teologie En Praktyk Van Ghanese Pinksterkerke, (In Die Skriflig 49, no. 1, 2015): 1-7
12
Brian, DeVries, A., Spiritual Gifts for Biblical Church Growth, (In Die Skriflig 50, no. 1, 2016): 1-10, 85.
6
appeared and confirmed that Jesus was God. This happened at the start of Jesus’ public ministry; “And the Holy Spirit descended on Him in bodily form, like a dove; and a voice came from heaven, “You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased.” (Luke 3:22, ESV.)
For the first time in the New Testament, the Trinity was displaced by this appearance together.
Today, the Holy Spirit continues to work as He did in the Old and New Testament, as Scripture clearly states, “Now these things happened to them as an example, but they were written down for our instruction, on whom the end of the ages has come.” (1Cor. 10:11, ESV.)
The Holy Spirit's power is not limited to the past. For those who seek and experience more of Him, the Spirit still reveals God’s nature. Be open to His transformative work and let the old be replaced with the new. The Divine Personhood of Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit’s personhood depicted in the Bible has not been easily accepted by the church. According to Ralph Del Colle, “From the very beginning, the personhood of the Holy Spirit was an unsolved problem, and the problem is as difficult as it is fascinating”
13
Bert Jan Lietaert also asserts, “The personhood of the Holy Spirit has been a controversy to the church since the beginning of the 4
th
and 5
th
centuries.”
14
In the year 381, a controversy regarding the nature of the Holy Trinity was settled with the creation of the Nicene Creed. Emperor Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica, which declared the Holy Spirit to be equal to both the Father and Son, thus making them one. This declaration established the doctrine of the Holy Trinity as it is known today in Christianity. 13
Ralph, Del Colle, The Holy Spirit: Presence, Power, Person
, (Theological Studies 62, no. 2, 2001): 322-
40.
14
Bert Jan Lietaert, Peerbolte, Do Not Quench the Spirit!: The Discourse of the Holy Spirit in Earliest Christianity
, (Hervormde Teologiese Studies 71, no. 1, 2015): 1-9.
7
Despite scholarly and religious consensus, some individuals still dispute the personhood of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is often not recognized as a person, unlike the Father and Son, due to its limited visibility and intangibility. It is important for believers to acknowledge the Spirit as an equal member of the Trinity and value its significance in the Christian faith. Believers may refer to the Holy Spirit as a person without hesitation, with the help of shreds of evidence provided in this paper. In this research, we will examine four pieces
of evidence, namely the doctrine of the Spirit, the intelligence of the Spirit, the responsiveness of the Spirit, and the characteristics of the Spirit. The purpose of this examination is to determine why believers should refer more to the personhood of the Holy Spirit in their daily lives. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit
A theology must be based on multiple Scriptures and be both doctrinal and grounded to be considered valid. Meaning, in order to establish the existence of theology, it is necessary to reference a considerable number of scriptural sources rather than relying on a single text. For instance, when delivering a sermon, a preacher must support their message with at least three scriptural references to effectively communicate their point to the congregation. The Bible clearly supports the idea of the Holy Spirit as a person throughout both the Old and New Testaments, such as David’s statement, “The Spirit of the Lord speaks by me; His word is on my tongue.”(2 Sam. 23:2, ESV.) The Spirit of the Lord, referred to by David in this Scripture, represents the Holy Spirit. David was spoken to by the Holy Spirit in a manner that resembled human communication. The Holy Spirit only speaks to those who have a personal relationship with Him. King David emphasized seeking the Holy Spirit in one's life, as we do with the Father and Son.
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Both David and Ezekiel emphasized that the Spirit has personhood, meaning it is a distinct and personal entity. Like David, Ezekiel declared, “And as he spoke to me, the Spirit entered into me and set me on my feet, and I heard Him speaking to me.” (Ezek. 2:2, ESV.) For someone to enter another person’s home voluntarily, there must be a mutual acknowledgment between the parties involved. Likewise, to receive the Holy Spirit, one must willingly cooperate with Him daily, not just in times of need. Do you start your morning by expressing gratitude to the Holy Spirit, or do you proceed with your day without acknowledging His presence? It’s important to respect and honor the Holy
Spirit just as we do the Father and the Son. Jesus warns, “A house that is divided against itself will never stand.” (Matt. 12:25, NKJV.) It is essential for Christians to understand the Holy Spirit's personhood and refer to Him daily. The three individuals are working together towards a common goal, which is to win souls for salvation. “The Father creates life, the Son redeems life, and the Spirit gives life.”
15
According to Erickson, “the same glory, honor, and worship given to the Father and the Son must also be given to the Spirit.”
16
The Bible is believed to be the infallible word of God, transcribed with the help of the Holy Spirit through righteous individuals. Why do people pay less attention to the Holy Spirit even though it's widely believed that the Bible was inspired by Him? The reason why this occurs is due to familiarity. When one becomes accustomed to something, they tend to take it for granted until it is no longer available. Similarly, the word of God encourages Christians to seek more of the Spirit; “But I say, walk in the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.”
(Gal. 5:15, ESV.) One cannot walk in the Spirit without surrendering more to the personhood of 15
Frank, Macchia, D, Justification through New Creation: The Holy Spirit and the Doctrine by which the Church Stands Or Falls
, (Theology Today 58, no. 2, 2001): 202-17.
16
Millard, J. Erickson, Christian Theology 3
rd
Edition, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013), 777.
9
the Spirit. Jesus Christ serves as a remarkable example for individuals who walk in the Spirit and
hold reverence for His personhood. Jesus ordered His disciples to remain in Jerusalem until they received the Holy Spirit. The Intellect of the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit has a distinct intelligence, which is why people should refer to Him in the same manner as the Father and Son. If a person is intelligent, they can discern when someone
desires their friendship or when their friendship is necessary. Many Christians are familiar with the concept of the Holy Spirit as a divine person within the Holy Trinity. However, the question remains as to whether they have a personal and intimate relationship with the Holy Spirit. Having corporate prayer in church is good, but it's important to also pray individually as Christians. The Holy Spirit, as an intelligent being with a personality, will not force Himself on anyone. Seeking to know Him is a personal choice. To gain a greater understanding of the Holy Spirit, one must have a strong desire for Him. Scripture portrays Him as a gentle being. Christians may believe they know the Holy Spirit,
but they often lack a personal relationship with Him. Although “the Spirit gives life, future and dynamics”
17
, God respects people’s free will and does not force them to have a relationship with Him. In Christianity, knowing more about Jesus is possible through a personal relationship with Him, rather than just confessing Him. For instance, being married gives you a deeper understanding of your spouse compared to someone else who may be a friend or acquaintance. This is because you have a personal relationship with your spouse that goes beyond a mere 17
Abraham, Van de Beek, The Spirit of the Body of Christ: The Holy Spirit's Indwelling in the Church, (Acta Theologica 33, no. 1, 2013): 252-65.
10
friendship, which the other person does not share. To know the Holy Spirit more, you need a deeper family-like relationship, not just a friendship. The Holy Spirit’s intelligence precludes any possibility of manipulation or blasphemy by individuals. That is, any intentional and willful opposition to the prevailing power of the Holy Spirit is futile. Establishing a friendship with the Holy Spirit is crucial if you seek His assistance.
Despite any attempts by others to exert control over you, prioritizing your relationship with the Holy Spirit should remain paramount. The Holy Spirit intercedes for believers before God, making it important for Christians to have more of Him. Through Him, we can bring our concerns and requests before the Father. The Spirit is also present to aid us in our moments of weakness and vulnerability, providing comfort and support when we need it most. Paul writes, “
Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought,
but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words.” (Rom. 8:26, ESV.) The Holy Spirit possesses the ability to discern one’s thoughts before they are spoken. However, it is imperative to cultivate a closer relationship with Him before acquiring knowledge about His nature. His intellect can be deduced from the use of His senses; He speaks, feels, and hears. “The
Holy Spirit suffers no hearing loss, as He declares to the churches what He hears from Jesus.”
18
The Responsivity of the Holy Spirit “Although it is clear by John that the gift of the Spirit comes from the Father,”
19
“The Holy Spirit is a gift to all believers in Christ.”
20
Brian DeVries puts it, “All believers, regardless of their present states of spiritual obedience, are members of the body of Christ who have 18
Wenrich, John. The Holy Spirit and Congregational Vitality
. The Covenant Quarterly (Online) 74, no. 1 (February 2016): 3–15
19
David, Crump, Who Gets What? God or Disciples, Human Spirit or Holy Spirit in John 19:30
, (Novum Testamentum 51, no. 1, 2009): 78-89.
20
Adam, Kotsko, Gift and Communio: The Holy Spirit in Augustine's De Trinitate
, (Scottish Journal of Theology 64, no. 1, 2011): 1-12.
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received the gift of the Holy Spirit.”
21
The kingdom of God is in a constant state of flux, and similarly, so is the Holy Spirit. In order to experience more of the Holy Spirit, it is necessary to act, as the Holy Spirit is not an inert object. He exhibits a level of responsiveness that is on par with that of any human in a typical relationship. The Holy Spirit directs and guides those who are
willing to carry out His will. To have a relationship with Him, His people must simply respond to His call. The Bible portrays the Holy Spirit as having a tranquil and composed manner of speaking. A personal relationship with Him is needed to hear His voice, as it is written in the Bible, “As they ministered to the Lord and fasted, the Holy Spirit said, “Now separate to Me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.” (Acts 13:2, NKJV.) Understanding
the Holy Spirit is crucial to follow the Apostles' instructions. “God is more interested in developing messengers who will listen to his voice, instead of messages.”
22
In order to be utilized
by the Spirit, one must exhibit responsiveness and obedience to the authority of the Spirit. The Holy Spirit experiences emotions, just like humans do. Discovering the Holy Spirit can provide a sense of fulfillment that cannot be found elsewhere. To connect with the Holy Spirit, one can participate in prayer, engage with the Bible, attend church, and seek the support of fellow believers. By fostering a relationship with the Holy Spirit, you can experience a newfound sense of inner strength, tranquility, and affection. As believers, it's possible to stifle and disregard the Holy Spirit, causing a disruption in our spiritual development. This is an expression of His responsiveness towards His children. It's 21
Brian, DeVries, A, Spiritual Gifts for Biblical Church Growth
, (In Die Skriflig 50, no. 1, 2016): 1-10, 85
22
Josh, Samuel, P. S, The Spirit in Pentecostal Preaching: A Constructive Dialogue with Haddon W. Robinson’s and Charles T. Crabtree’s Theology of Preaching
, (Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies 35 (2), 2013): 199–219.
12
important not to feel discouraged or believe that one must become excessively spiritual when encountering this situation as a child of God. Consider this as a gentle reminder to reflect on your
actions and ensure that they align with your beliefs and values. As followers of Scripture, we are instructed to avoid dampening the Holy Spirit's presence in our lives. Ephesians 4:30 reminds us,
"And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption." Similarly, 1 Thessalonians 5:19 urges us not to "quench the Spirit." When we quench or grieve the Spirit, we diminish His impact on our lives, and it can leave us feeling disconnected. It's important to remember that the Holy Spirit is a divine being with intelligence and emotions. Countless individuals, including both men and women, who have had or currently have a personal connection with the Spirit can attest to the sensation of experiencing the quenching of the Spirit, as well as the joy and fulfillment that comes with living a life filled with the Spirit. Just as the Father cannot associate with sin, the Spirit also cannot. Understanding the Holy Spirit’s personality prevents grieving and quenching while walking in Christ. Characteristics of the Holy Spirit.
The Holy Spirit shares similar characteristics with humans. “Other characteristics such as
wisdom, power, and goodness associated with the Father and Son are also associated with the Spirit.”
23
A distinguishing characteristic of the Holy Spirit, which shares similarities with humans, is bearing fruits. The Gospel of Matthew declares, “You will recognize them by their fruits”(Matt. 7:16a, ESV.) Humans and the Spirit both produce fruit through their investments of time and abilities. Without intimacy with the Spirit, it is hard to tell which fruit is produced by 23
Dale, Coulter, M, The Immanent Person of the Holy Spirit from Anselm to Peter Lombard: Divine Communion in the Spirit. Pneuma
, (The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies 33, 2011): 286–87.
13
the Spirit and which is not. To gain a deep understanding of someone, it is essential to dedicate time and resources to getting to know them on a personal level. Bearing fruits is evidence of one’s walk with the Spirit, as the Bible states, “The Spirit Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God.”(Rom. 8:16, ESV.) "The only way for the Holy Spirit to operate through a child of God is by them exhibiting the fruits of the Spirit, which are listed in the Scripture as “
love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control.” (Gal. 5:22-23, NKJV.) No one can truly understand the Holy Spirit’s characteristics without a deeper knowledge of the Spirit. “In the early church there were many fruits and gifts of the Sprit that indicate His immanent present to the early church.”
24
The Spirit is intelligent and cares about its children. It dislikes lies because it is not an object but involved in their lives. As humans expect honesty and faithfulness from their loved ones, so too does the Spirit expect the same from His children. In the Bible, there is a story about
a man named Ananias and his wife Sapphira, who lost their lives because they lied to the Holy Spirit. It is an undeniable fact that the Holy Spirit is not an object but a distinct person, equally real and significant as the Father and Son, who hold people accountable for their sins and administer divine justice accordingly. Conclusion
This paper offers four pieces of evidence that support the personhood of the Holy Spirit. However, the question of whether Christians view the Spirit as a person in the same way they do the Father and Son remains. The biblical teaching on the personhood of the Holy Spirit is 24
Robert, Wright, J, Holy Spirit in Holy Church: From Experience to Doctrine
, (Anglican Theological Review 83, no. 3, 2001): 443-54.
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indisputable. Several scriptures throughout the Bible indicate the personhood of His spirit. He is gentle, intelligent, and never forces Himself on anyone who does not want anything to do with Him. He always responds and will answer the call of His children. Nonetheless, the Holy Spirit can be hurt by mistreatment from others. The Holy Spirit is quenched when individuals fail to adhere to His divine will. Believers are always subject to the authority of God, thus the Holy Spirit, who is not manipulatable. Those who follow His will bear
His fruit for all to see. While many people claim to know the Holy Spirit, knowing only about Him is not enough to truly understand His personality. Merely saying that the Holy Spirit is a person does not mean one knows more about Him.
In your daily prayers, do you address the Holy Spirit in the same way as you do the Father? Do you believe that the Holy Spirit is a person, similar to how you perceive Jesus as a helper during times of trouble? The Holy Spirit is not a replacement for either the Father or the Son; rather, He is inherently divine, just like the Father and Son. “Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; Mother, Child, and Breath of God; Creator, Redeemer, and Sanctifier; no matter the particular names you choose, the core message of the Trinity remains unchanging,”
25
says Teresa Coda. As believers, it
is crucial that we truly embrace our convictions and actively cultivate a personal relationship with the Holy Spirit. 25
Coda, Teresa. Must We Call the Persons of the Trinity Father, Son, and Holy Spirit?
U.S. Catholic 84, no. 2 (February 2019): 49.
15
Bibliography
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Coda, Teresa. Must We Call the Persons of the Trinity Father, Son, and Holy Spirit?
U.S. Catholic 84, no. 2 (February 2019): 49.
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. Novum Testamentum 51, no. 1 (2009): 78-89. Davis, John Jefferson. Is the Holy Spirit Really a ‘Person’
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Macchia, Frank D. Justification through New Creation: The Holy Spirit and the Doctrine by which the Church Stands Or Falls
. Theology Today 58, no. 2 (07, 2001): 202-17.
Peerbolte, Bert Jan Lietaert. Do Not Quench the Spirit!: The Discourse of the Holy Spirit in Earliest Christianity.
Hervormde Teologiese Studies 71, no. 1 (2015): 1-9.
16
Qureshi, Nabeel. Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 2014.
Samuel, Josh P. S. 2013. The Spirit in Pentecostal Preaching: A Constructive Dialogue with Haddon W. Robinson’s and Charles T. Crabtree’s Theology of Preaching.
Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies 35 (2): 199–219.
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Van De Beek, Abraham. The Spirit of the Body of Christ: The Holy Spirit’s Indwelling in the Church
. Acta Theologica 33, no. 1 (01, 2013): 252-65.
Weil, Louis. The Holy Spirit: Source of Unity in the Liturgy
. Anglican Theological Review 83, no. 3 (Summer, 2001): 409-15.
Wenrich, John. The Holy Spirit and Congregational Vitality.
The Covenant Quarterly (Online) 74, no. 1 (February 2016): 3–15
White, Peter and Cornelius J. P. Niemandt. The Missional Role of the Holy Spirit: Ghanaian Pentecostals’ View and Practice
. Die Missionale Werk Van Die Heilige Gees Vanuit Die
Teologie En Praktyk Van Ghanese Pinksterkerke." In Die Skriflig 49, no. 1 (2015): 1-7.
Wright, Robert. J. Holy Spirit in Holy Church: From Experience to Doctrine
. Anglican Theological Review 83, no. 3, 2001: 443-54.
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