ResearchIntroandMethods_RichardBouldin_515B02
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Liberty University *
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PSYC 516
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Religion
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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SPIRITUALITY & CHURCH ATTENDANCE
Spirituality & Church Attendance This study will continue researching the relationship between Spirituality and Church Attendance based on the gender of the individual. To continue building that understanding around such topics, self-surveys were provided to individuals aged 25 and up. The survey included demographic questions answered by the study participants regarding their gender. The survey utilized the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale created by Hodge (2003), allowing the participants to rank their spirituality. The survey also included church attendance based on their average attendance of religious services each month. As noted by Seto (2021), there has been a rise in individuals in America who have defined themselves are spiritual but not religious. Since 2017 the percentage of those who categorize themselves as such has risen by over 19%. While many individuals in America still view themselves as both spiritual and religious, there has been a continuous shift in how they view religion and spirituality. Most individuals who have seen the increase are primarily male, which could affect their church attendance weekly or monthly. In recent studies, Li et al. (2020) state that women are more religious than men on average. According to the risk preference argument, women's greater risk aversion is to blame for the gender gap in religion (Li et al., 2020). It is important to note that previous research related to competitive young athletes must prioritize family responsibilities due to their busy schedules, particularly the difference between boys and girls. Their hectic schedules assessed the child's level of spirituality, the competitive sports environment, and church attendance. Parents needed to recognize the value of participation in sports and church activities. However, many needed to be made aware of how much the child relied on their religion to meet the rigors of sports. According to studies, a child's
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spiritual growth is influenced by variables other than church attendance. Christian young athletes
use religion to overcome competition-related problems (Livingston, 2020). Participating in religion has been connected to advantages, including elevated well-being, identification, and moral promotion (Brown et al., 2023). Helliwell and Putnam (2004) discovered a robust association between social capital and well-being, with social bonding fostered by religious engagement playing a significant role. This survey aims to assess whether there is a gap between genders and their church attendance regularly, either weekly or monthly, excluding holidays. The researcher predicts that levels of gender and spirituality concerning church attendance will be displayed higher in females than in males. Method
Participants Twenty friends from the researcher's social circle participated in the study via google forms. The friends were from various backgrounds, religions, and gender identities and volunteered to participate in the study. Materials
The researcher created a survey that consisted of 8 questions, including one demographic question, six questions regarding intrinsic spirituality, and 1 question related to church attendance (See Appendix A). The demographic question was a multiple choice related to gender,
and the questions about spirituality came from the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale (Hodge, 2003). Procedure
The survey took place digitally via google forms. All participants of the study were invited via email. When they responded, they were informed that the survey must be completed
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SPIRITUALITY & CHURCH ATTENDANCE
voluntarily. The survey included full instructions and a disclaimer for the study. The Google form
was set up to ensure privacy and did not collect any information such as name or email address which the researcher believed would help get more honest answers from the participants. Analysis The study examined two variables, spirituality, and church attendance. Study participants were asked using a Likert scale about their motivation when it comes to spirituality. Their spiritual motivation level will be based on a scale of 0 – 10, resulting in their spirituality score. When it comes to scores, the closer you are to 10, the more spiritual you as a participant believe you are, whereas those closer to 0 are not as spiritual. The final question about church attendance
was fill in the blank, and they could give how many times a month they attended a church service. The statistical test used in this study to examine results was the correlated group's t-test.
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References Brown, J. E., Van Mulukom, V., Charles, S. J., & Farias, M. (2023). Do You Need Religion to Enjoy the Benefits of Church Services?: Social Bonding, Morality and Quality of Life Among Religious and Secular Congregations.
Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
,
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(2), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000447
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well–being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
, 359
(1449), 1435–1446. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522 Hodge, D. R. (2003). The intrinsic spirituality scale. Journal of Social Service Research,
30(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/j079v30n01_03
LI, Y., WOODBERRY, R., LIU, H., & GUO, G. (2020). Why are Women More Religious than Men? Do Risk Preferences and Genetic Risk Predispositions Explain the Gender Gap?
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
,
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(2), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12657
Livingston, J. (2020). Competitive youth athletes: Are they choosing between God and sports?
International Journal of Children’s Spirituality
, 255(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1708707
Seto, C. H. (2021). Understanding Delinquency among the Spiritual but Not Religious.
Sociology of Religion
, 82(2), 156–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa042
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SPIRITUALITY & CHURCH ATTENDANCE
Appendix A
Spirituality and Church Attendance
Disclosure: I am asking you to complete this survey as part of the requirements for my statistics project in a graduate level psychology course. Your answers will remain completely anonymous. No personal information about you will be linked to this survey. Please do not put your name or any other identifying information on the
survey. The results of this survey will be used only for educational purposes and will
not be published or released to the public. You must be 18 years old or older in order to complete this survey.
Directions: Please answer all questions in their entirety before submitting.
* Indicates required question
What is your gender?
*
Male
Female
Other:
In terms of the questions I have about life, my spirituality answers.
*
No questions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Absolutely all my questions
Growing spiritually is
*
No importance to me
0
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
More important than anything else in my life When I am faced with an important decision, my spirituality
*
Plays absolutely no role
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Is always overriding considerations
Spirituality is
*
No part of my life
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The master motive of my life, directing every other aspect of my life
When I think of the things that help me to grow and mature as a person, my spirituality
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SPIRITUALITY & CHURCH ATTENDANCE
*
Has no effect on my personal growth 0
1
2
3
4
5
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7
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9
10
Is absolutely the most important factor in my personal growth My spiritual beliefs affect
*
No aspect of my life 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Absolutely every aspect of my life On average, how many times do you attend religious services each month (assuming there are no
holidays):
*
Your answer
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