Semester Project 1 Part 3

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Jan 9, 2024

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JBJeglect nd its %ffects on °hildren

°ultur l !ifferences on JBJeglect °ultural competence is the ability to see the world from someone else’s perspective and it is essential in working with maltreated children (±ubowitz et al., 1999). When thinking about neglect, it is easy to get wrapped up in ethnocentric ideas and use your own cultural values to deﬁne neglect, however it is important to recognize that what constitutes neglect may vary across cultures (B;Borbin, 1980). /(or example, in some cultures adolescents may be denied food or ostracized from human contact for days as a form of punishment. Western cultures may see these behaviors as harmful, but there are practices we participate in that other cultures may see as abusive or neglectful as well.

{h t is JBJeglect? 6/6n 2017, there were over 674,000 victims of abuse and neglect (Wojciak, 2023), however, while there is an abundance of research concerning the effects of physical abuse on children, there is little on the effects of neglect even though neglect is the most prevalent form of child maltreatment (/(riedman & ²illick, 2014). KDKeglect can be deﬁned as acts of parental omission or negligence that puts children in danger.

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e ble of contents 01 02 03 JBJeglect nd the ±r in %ffects of JBJeglect on °hildren %ffects of °hildhood JBJeglect on ²dult C;Cife 04 JBJeglectful Q renting

JBJeglect nd the ±r in 01

%ffects of JBJeglect on the ±r in ³s with any trauma, neglect can have detrimental effects on the brain. ³ caretaker not efﬁciently responding to a child’s needs can result in deﬁcits in the development of the superior temporal gyrus, which is responsible for speech processing, as well as the development of hallucinations and thought disorders (°ai et al., 2023). There is also a positive association between neglect and information transmission efﬁciency in the insular cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. The insular cortex is responsible for executive control function and maintaining the body's homeostasis and the parahippocampal gyrus has a role in higher cognitive functioning which includes memory coding and retrieval. 6/6t is also consistent with other research that stress can cause problems with memory (Wojciak , 2023).

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%ffects of JBJeglect on °hildren 02

!evelopment l Vt ges The effects of neglect could vary based on a child’s developmental stage because their need vary in different developmental stages (°rouch & JCJilner, 1993). Therefore, in order to understand the effects of neglect on children, you need to ﬁrst understand the child’s developmental needs. 6/6t’s not just about neglectful behaviors, but also the child’s stage of development and how that interacts with the neglect. This is why babies before 2 months old experience some of the greatest effects of trauma because they have the highest levels of need in this developmental stage (Wojciak, 2023). 6/6n fact, nutritional and psychosocial deprivation during infancy often result in a disorder called failure-to-thrive (/(TT) syndrome, which can be seen as a signiﬁcant growth delays in certain postural and behavioral signs (°rouch & JCJilner, 1993). Some examples are poor muscle tone, minimal smiling, and just general unresponsiveness.

ehe %ffects What is interesting about neglect is that if a child doesn’t understand that they are being neglected, the effects of the trauma might come on later when they realize they have been neglected (Wojciak, 2023) . When compared to children that have not experienced neglect, neglected children have shown deﬁcits in language ability and intelligence (°rouch & JCJilner, 1993). Signiﬁcant language delays have been shown in cases of neglected children which can cause difﬁculties in school. 6/6n regards to behaviors, neglected preschool aged children tend to be more passive, show fewer displays of affection, and less frequently initiate play with their mothers which stems from being insecurely attached. ³voidance is another behavioral symptom of trauma (Wojciak, 2023). Some more examples of behavior in neglected children are: Ɣ wanting to stay alone during opportunities of free play Ɣ being more apathetic in social interactions Ɣ being withdrawn (°rouch & JCJilner, 1993).

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²ased on studies done on infant monkeys and rats, it can be concluded that maternal deprivation or neglect, results in deﬁcits in behavioral, social, and cognitive development, an example being impaired executive functioning (±e ²ellis, 2005). The study also showed that neglect causes dysregulations in a child’s developing stress response system. Srolonged activation of the stress response systems results in toxic stress (Wojciak, 2023). The biological stress response system also signals to the immune system and it has been shown in animals that high levels of stress result in a greater risk of developing infection, tumors, or death (±e ²ellis, 2005) . 6/6t has also been shown that institutionalized infants without a responsive, consistent caregiver experience increased rates of infection or death. What does executive functioning consist of? Ɣ ³ttention Ɣ JCJemory Ɣ ³bility to learn Ɣ ²ehavior/emotion regulation Ɣ Sroblem solving Ɣ Ssychomotor tasks

%ffects of °hildhood JBJeglect on ²dult C;Cife 03

²dult C;Cife When studying adults that experienced neglect in childhood, it can be found that they scored lower on tests of 6/6Q and reading ability than adults that did not experience childhood neglect (KDKikulina et al., 2010). ³dults that experienced childhood neglect are also at higher risk for prostitution, post traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. ³dditionally, unresolved trauma can lead to a higher likelihood of violent behaviors (Wojciak, 2023). 6/6n another study, researchers were interested in the relationship between childhood neglect and 4 factors: STS±, JCJ±±, academic achievement, and crime (KDKikulina et al., 2010). The study showed that neglected children were more likely to be diagnosed with STS±, be arrested, and have lower score of academic achievement in adulthood.

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JBJeglectful Q renting 04

{h t !oes JBJeglectful Q renting C;Cook C;Cike? ³ neglectful parent is one that is unresponsive to their child's needs (4-eger, 2023). KDKeglectful parents provides little emotional support, structure, or advice to their children. /(ollowing are some examples of what neglectful parenting might look like: Ɣ ³ parent not knowing much about their child’s personal life Ɣ Rarely interfering with their children’s decisions Ɣ KDKot offering responses to their child’s emotions/experiences Ɣ ³ lack of rules, structure, and/or discipline

²tt chment There has been a multitude of research supporting the idea that childhood neglect is closely correlated with increased frequencies of insecure infant-caretaker attachment (°rouch & JCJilner, 1993). Speciﬁcally, neglected children are more likely to have anxious avoidant or resistant attachment styles. ³dditionally, our attachment styles are often predicted from our parents attachment styles (Wojciak, 2023). 6/6f a parent has a good sense of emotional regulation, it is more likely that they have a better ability to respond to their child’s needs at different developmental stages. This would result in a greater likelihood of having a securely attached child. 6/6n a study on monkeys where the time the mother spent with her infant was controlled and intentionally reduced, infants demonstrated behaviors of insecure attachment like less social competence and more anxious behavior (±e ²ellis, 2005). 4-owever, it is important to note that experiencing abuse or neglect does not necessarily predict insecure attachment (Wojciak, 2023).

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6.6ntergener tion l er um There were four studies examining the association between parents experiences of trauma in childhood and their likelihood of being neglectful to their children. 6/6t was found that a history a sexual abuse, physical abuse, or having a violent parent were all predictors of becoming a neglectful parent (0)reene et al., 2020). There was also a link found between past childhood physical abuse and witnessing intimate partner violence with current neglectful or abusive parenting practices. With that being said, it is important to note that most people who have experienced abuse do not pass it onto the next generation (Wojciak , 2023).

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Semester Project 1 Part 3

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