cf_COUN5007_u9a1_Alexis Martin

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Capella University *

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5007

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Identifying Research Terms and Concepts Chart Use this template to document your knowledge about basic research terms and concepts that counselors often encounter. This template will prove useful to consolidate your learning throughout the course, as you move forward in your master’s program, and when you study for your licensing exam. The more complete and correct you make your entries, the more useful the chart will be to you. This assignment is due in Week 9 but includes concepts from Weeks 3 – 9. It is recommended that you download a copy of this template to your computer and complete the columns as you learn the material throughout the course. Use the assigned readings and other outside resources to complete the chart. Be sure to document your sources so that you can revisit them in the future, if necessary. If you choose, you may add rows to include additional entries. Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Basic Research Methodology Terms Research Methodology The systematic process used to gather information (Balkin and Kleist, 2017) Can be conducted through quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methodology Research Design The given design in a research study used to answer the research question Quantitative vs qualitative research designs Quantitative Research • Produces results that are generalizable to a target population. (2017). • Experimental and statistical (USU libraries, 2018) • Evaluating relationships • Assessing intelligence • Structured interviews and observations Qualitative Research • Uses textual analysis to examine and interpret data (USU libraries, 2018) • Field research • Case Studies • Open-ended interviews and observations Mixed-Methods Research Implementing both qualitative and quantitative methodology to conduct research Utilizing interview transcripts, scores from scales, and clinical information to produce results (USU libraries, 2019)

2 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Experimental Design Examines causal relationships between an independent and dependent variable Examining a new medication by distributing this new medication to a treatment group and a control group (placebo) Quasi-experimental Design • Does not include random assignment • Includes a comparison group (2017) Seeks to find a causal link between dependent and independent variables Non-experimental Design • The goal of this type of design is to describe differences between preexisting group when an independent variable cannot be manipulated (2017) • No treatment administered Examining school performance of 10 th graders Measure An item or set of items that provides an indication of the quantity or nature of the phenomenon under study (2017) Height, weight Variable A type of measure that can be discrete or continuous Discrete variable: categorical in nature. (Example: ethnicity, sex, religion, etc.) Continuous variable: a score or measure (Example: Scores on a specific scale) Operationalization Researchers that have taken abstract concepts and turn them into measurable concepts (2017) Utilizing scales that measure anxiety Validity Accuracy of a measurement Evidence based on • Test content • Response processes

3 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) • Internal structure • Relationships to other variables • Consequences of testing Reliability Consistency of a measurement Determines if the study is replicable Ethical and Cultural Terms Study Population Looks at the sample size as a whole Depressed individuals in California Study Sample Participants that are involved in the study From the previous example above, the study sample will be chosen. Scales of Measurement Nominal • Discrete, categorical variables • Identity • No mathematical value (Capella University, n.d.) Nominal variables can be used to measure ethnicity, religion, or sex. Ordinal • Representative as an ordered sequence, but the value between each value is unspecified • Identity + Magnitude (n.d.) • Socioeconomic Status • Likert Scales Interval • Maintains an ordered sequence and contains main values that are equidistant • Identity + Magnitude + Equal Intervals • Do not use a true zero (n.d.) • SAT scores • Temperature

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4 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Ratio • Refers to identity + magnitude + equal intervals + a minimum of zero (n.d.) • Weight • Age Quantitative Research Terms Null Hypothesis No relationship exists between two variables, all groups are equal (2017) Data collected does not provide evidence to support an individual's claim Alternate Hypothesis An alternative to null hypothesis (2017) Data collected provides evidence to support an individual's claim Descriptive Statistics Describe data by using summary statistics, graphs, and tables. Utilizing measurements of central tendency Central Tendency The center point of a set of scores Mean, median, mode Mean Represents the average score for a set of observations 5+12+20+15+3+5+6=60 66/7=9.43 Mean=9.43 Median Represents the middle score in a set of observations 3, 5, 5, 6, 12, 15, 20 Median=6 Mode Represents the most frequent score in a set of observations 3, 5, 5, 6, 12, 15, 20 Mode=5 Variability Lack of consistency Blood pressure readings Blood pressure A: 115/75 Blood Pressure B: 140/95 Range Indicates the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a set of observations 3, 5, 5, 6, 12, 15, 20 20-3=17 Range=17 Standard Deviation Represents the average amount of error from the mean. 3, 5, 5, 6, 12, 15, 20 Standard deviation: 5.88

5 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Inferential Statistics Process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution (2017). Examining test scores among senior high school students to determine conclusions and make estimates about the whole population Independent Variable The variable that is manipulated in a given experiment to observe its effect Causal variable, explanatory variable, predictor variable Dependent Variable The variable being measured or tested in a given experiment (2017). Continuous Statistical Significance The degree to which a research outcome cannot reasonably be attributed to the operation of chance or random factors p-value Correlations The degree of a relationship between two variables (2017) Individuals who are taller generally tend to weigh more. Individuals who are shorter tend to weigh less than individuals who are taller. Multiple regression • Two or more predictor variables • Univariate procedure (2017) Predicting how tall a child will be in the future through different independent variables (nutrition and environmental factors) Factor analysis Used to indicate adequate factor structure and accurate and consistent responses for scores (2017) • Correlation coefficients of or around .40 or higher to indicate that they are sufficiently measuring the intended construct (2017) • Reliability estimates of • .70 = adequate consistency of scores • .80 = good consistency scores • .90+ = very good consistency score

6 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Chi-square Utilized when researchers are interested in the relationship between two variables that are categorical (2017) Examining the relationship between receiving community-based interventions and recidivism (2017) T-test Evaluates the statistical significance of each predictor variable (2017) Examining differences between men and women and their self-esteem ANOVA Analysis of Variance Determining if the mean between two groups is different Qualitative Research Terms Case Study Involves recording data of a specific person or specific group of people over time • Qualitative methodology, utilizes observations and interviewing techniques Ethnography Examines culture, seeking to understand the forms of relationships, behaviors and beliefs within a given culture and the rules and perspectives that guide actions towards others in and out of the culture (2017) Implementing oneself into a specific culture to examine how depression affects this population. Generic Qualitative Inquiry • Qualitative methodology • Examines how individuals perceive or experience the world Case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology Grounded Theory Seeks to understand the social and/or psychological process of some phenomenon (2017) Used in qualitative research Phenomenology • Understanding how individuals make sense of their lived experience. • Focuses on the study of consciousness (2017) Interviewing individuals on their direct experience of a schizophrenic episode • Can you tell me what it was like during that moment?

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7 Concept Description/Definition (Use the course text or outside resources) Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) Focus Group When researchers perform interviews with a certain group of participants (2017) • Qualitative methodology • Asking a group of 18-year-olds about their thoughts on college Interview When researchers ask questions to a participant in order to collect data • Qualitative interview question: “How does that make you feel” o Open-ended • Quantitative interview question: “How old are you?” o Close-ended Content Analysis Analyzes content through different research tools (audio, video, text) to determine the purpose and effectiveness of communication (2017) Identifying bias in communication Triangulation Comparisons across a variety of sources and theoretical framework (2017) Mixed methods approach Alexis Martin References: Balkin, R. S., & Kleist, D. M. (2016). Counseling research: A practitioner-scholar approach . American Counseling Association . Capella University (n.d.). Scales of Measurement. Video. https://media.capella.edu/coursemedia/coun5007element238579/wrapper.asp USU Libraries. (2018). Empirical studies: Qualitative vs. Quantitative [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZcfmA1l6cE

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