Homework 1_ Article Breakdown.docx

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Dec 6, 2023

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Homework 1: Article Breakdown [12 points total) The two papers assigned as part of this homework assignment help to form the rationale for our experimental project this semester. Please type your answers to the following questions regarding the Guo et al. (2022) article and the Olivera-La Rosa et al. (2020) article. Your responses can be brief but make sure they give enough information that I am confident you read and understood the article. Be sure not to plagiarize – ALWAYS PARAPHRASE! As you read, if there is something you find confusing, please make a note and we will discuss/clarify in class. Some questions ask that you write directly on the article itself, so be sure to bring to class (1) hard copies of the assigned papers and (2) a hard copy of your typed responses to the assignment on the due date (Monday, 2/6). Also upload a copy of your typed responses to this assignment to Canvas ahead of class. 1 st article: Guo, K., Hare, A. & Hong Liu, C. (2022). Impact of face masks and viewers’ anxiety on ratings of first impressions from faces. Perception, 5 (11), 37-50. doi: 10.1177/03010066211065230 1. What is the purpose of the experiments in this study? Hint: to find the “gap”, look in two places: the end of paragraph 1 in the Introduction as well as the end of paragraph 4 of the Introduction. [1] The purpose of this experiment is to analyze whether there is an impact of face coverings on facial perception and if the coverings are an influence on social inferences. 2. The authors discuss global and local features as being important to impression formation. Briefly explain how these features inform first impressions of interest in this study. [1] Trustworthiness and dominance are two important parts of impression formation and they are both commonly studied facial expressions. They are of interest in this study because of their involvement in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional face evaluation models. 3. What is the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis, and how does this hypothesis inform predictions about first impressions for people wearing face masks? [1] The vigilance-avoidance hypothesis states that individuals with anxiety may experience an early reaction of hypervigilance to potential social cues that can be threatening. Face coverings can lead to uncertainty and ambiguity in understanding facial information and can lead to a negative reaction and formation of first impressions for individuals with anxiety. 4. What are the hypotheses? [1] The researchers hypothesize that rating different first impression traits such as; approachableness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and dominance, can be affected differently because of the use of face coverings and so would their anxiety levels/types. 5. Provide a brief outline of the procedure in Experiment 1, including the measures used. [1]

Materials - State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-I and Y II - AR Face Database - Adobe Photoshop 2017 Participants - 130 participants - Aged between 18 and 80 years old. - 26 men Methods - Participants first completed the STAI-s forms - 60 images were displayed once in random order. - Each block of images had an equal amount of masked and unmasked individuals. - Images had four draggable scaled in fixed order for ratings. 6. Carefully read the Results section for Experiment 1. We realize this will be difficult. Underline for each DV any “significant main effect” noted. On printed version of paper 7. For the correlations reported in the Results of Experiment 1, look at the scatter plots in Figure 2. These plots display correlations between state and trait anxiety with the first impression DVs. Circle the significant correlations as displayed on the plots. On printed version of paper 8. For Experiment 2, the researchers measured social anxiety using the Social Anxiety Interaction Scale (SIAS). Did the SIAS significantly correlate with any first impression DVs measured in Experiment 2? [1] The SIAS scores were described to be negatively correlated with face approachableness ratings in mask-on and mask-off conditions. 9. Summarize the main findings as reported in the General Discussion section of the paper (hint: carefully read the first paragraph of this section). [1] The results of the research revealed that state and trait anxiety scores had a negative correlation with approachableness and trustworthiness ratings in both conditions of the experiments. The main finding of this study suggests that face masks/coverings can affect our first interactions and impressions of strangers. 2 nd Article:

Olivera-La Rosa, A., Chuquichambi, E. G. & Ingram, P. D. (2020). Keep your (social) distance: Pathogen concerns and social perception in the time of COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 166 , 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j/paid.2020.110200 1. What is disgust, and how might disgust shape social behaviors? [1] Disgust is an emotional response that is considered to be “conservative” and is a cause of avoidance tendencies and an influence of decision making. 2. Find the purpose of the study and underline it. On printed version of paper 3. How is social anxiety disorder defined in this paper, and how might you predict that individuals with SAD would respond to ambiguous faces? [1] SAD is described as being feelings of discomfort and the fear of being scrutinized or embarrassed by other people. People with SAD will most likely be avoidant of situations involving ambiguous faces. 4. Restate H1 (hypothesis 1) in your own words. [1] Disgust sensitivity and social anxiety can be reflected as individual differences in behavioral tendencies such as avoidance and tolerance for ambiguity in social settings. Individuals with severe social anxiety and a high disgust sensitivity would most likely rate masked faces as untrustworthy, less socially desirable, and even ill. 5. From the Discussion section, summarize the main findings related to H1. [1] The main findings suggest that participants who had a high sensitivity to pathogen disgust assumed masked faces as less trustworthy and more unlikely to be socially desirable. Higher social anxiety scores were predicted to have higher perceptions of illness and a lower judgment on trustworthiness. 6. From the Appendix, find the Pathogen Disgust subscale and circle it. What is the rating scale used? Provide two sample items from the measure. [1] The rating scale used a Three-Domain Disgust Scale. 0 means that the concept is not deemed unpleasant at all and 6 means that the concept is extremely unpleasant. - Sitting next to someone who has red sores on the arm - Seeing a cockroach run across the floor

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