Test 4 Material- Psychological Disorders

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Oct 30, 2023

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS LECTURE 1 OF 2
Brief History on Views about Psychological Disorders • Stone age – people were possessed by demons/spirits and trephining allowed for their escape • Hippocrates (460-367 BC) - psychological functioning was due to disturbances in body fluids called “humours” • Europe in Middle Ages -exorcisms were performed to drive away evil -asylums began to appear but the mentally ill were treated inhumanely Anki flife - memorise -
• 18 th century (age of enlightenment) - Pinel ordered humane treatment and initiated the medical model (whose influence remains today) Medical Model – proposes that abnormal behavior be viewed as a disease and treated as one (like physical illnesses) -this eventually gave rise to psychiatry and patients were treated in mental hospitals - -
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Defining Abnormal Behavior • No clear-cut way of distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior • Context must sometimes be taken into consideration 4 Major Criteria for Defining Abnormal Behavior (all have short-comings) Context is important to distinguish abnormal behaviour
1) Statistical Frequency - behavior that’s infrequent is abnormal -definition is based strictly on numbers Problem – not all infrequent behaviors are judged as “abnormal” ( eg. exceptional athletic ability ) 2) Deviation from Social Norms Problem -abnormality is culturally relative -norms change over time - not all socially deviant behaviors are indicative of “abnormality” ( eg. burping in public ) D Statistical frequency infrequent Schaior 6) Ansel on waters 2) Deviation from social of n geriant schevour is abromal
3) Behavior is Abnormal if it’s Maladaptive -everyday adaptive behavior is impaired Problem – this view makes a judgment about the consequences of behavior, which can be subjective ( eg drinking alcohol isn’t abnormal but if it interferes with daily functioning, it is ) -
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4) Psychological Distress - is based on a person’s subjective feeling of distress (they might not exhibit maladaptive behavior) Problem – distress is not always experienced by people with psychological disorders • Normality/abnormality should be seen as a continuum. - - Ropeated Behaviour on a spectrum short indicate abnormality -
Diagnosing - involves matching symptoms to pre-established categories of psychological disorders ( listed in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – DSM ) - is the basis for selecting a therapy and making a prognosis • A diagnosis can be derived from: a) a formal and standard diagnostic interview b) personality and projective tests c) interview with patient’s family/friends
• The DSM increases reliability in diagnosing (like using an answer key to grade a test) • The DSM has undergone several revisions (disorders are added, removed, or renamed) • Most recent revision was in 2013 (DSM-5) • It contains 16 major categories of psychological disorders and over 300 specific disorders
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Problems with Diagnosing a) labeling may lead to a “self - fulfilling prophecy” (patient behaves in accordance to expectations) b) a label can lead to social stigma c) labels can “color one’s perception” (eg, Rosenhan’s study) - Patients feigned hallucinations to enter a payatriatric word but acted mormally afterwards .
Anxiety Disorders 1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (free-floating anxiety) - pathological worry about minor matters -difficulty making decisions and concentrating -headaches, fatigue, nausea, sweating -restless, feeling on edge, difficulty sleeping Seems to be the most comman next to social · anxiety -
2) Phobic Disorders a) Simple or Specific Phobia - anxiety is in response to a specific stimulus or setting - most common phobias – fear of animals, height, blood, flying, closed spaces, water, storms b) Social Anxiety Disorder - fear of being negatively evaluated by others - examples: public speaking, eating in restaurants, going to parties
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3) Panic Disorder -repeated, sudden and unexpected attacks of extreme anxiety -worry about when the next attack will occur -sweating, chest pains, weakness, faintness - feel like you’re having a heart attack 4) Agoraphobia - fear of leaving the house alone, being in open/public spaces (parking lots, markets), standing in line, crowds, public transportation.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions – recurrent, involuntary thoughts or images Compulsions – ritualistic behaviors (sometimes unobservable such as counting or praying) that one feels compelled to carry out e.g. obsessed with the thought of germs leads to excessive/repeated hand-washing -the compulsive behavior relieves the anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts • Hoarding, nail-biting, skin-picking fall under this category
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) -anxiety elicited by traumatic events (war, accident, rape, natural disaster) -traumatic event is re-experienced through flashbacks and nightmares -emotional numbness, feeling disconnected from others, sleeping difficulties -irritability, anxiety, anger, guilt
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (“multiple personality”) -disorder is rare but interesting -not to be confused with schizophrenia -2 or more personalities reside within the person -each personality has its own traits, names, mannerisms, age etc -transitions can occur suddenly - the “host” personality is not aware of the existence of the other ones -lapses in memory, time loss, feeling detached from their body -often also suffer from anxiety, depression, substance abuse -controversial diagnosis; some question its existence DID -
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS LECTURE 2 OF 2
MOOD DISORDERS Major Depressive Disorder -#1 disorder for which people seek help -symptoms include: depressed mood -lack of interest/pleasure in activities -agitation/irritability; negative thoughts -feeling worthless/low self-esteem -sleeping difficulties; changes in weight -problems with thinking or concentrating -suicidal thoughts -unexplained aches and pains
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• Depression affects nearly twice as many women as men • Onset can occur at any age but most common in 25-44 yr olds • Depression will eventually lift on its own but risk of suicide during the depression is 5 times higher than for “normals” - - -
Suicide -occurs more often when depression is lifting -4 times as many men as women die from suicide but women make more attempts -highest suicide rates are in May -in Canada, suicide accounts for 24% of all deaths among 15-24 yr olds and is 2 nd leading cause of death in 10-24 yr olds -rates are lower for married people than singles or divorcees - - -
Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Patterns (seasonal affective disorder) -affected by lack of sunlight -tends to occur in the fall/winter -low energy, over-sleeping, carb craving, weight gain
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Bipolar Disorder ( formerly called manic-depression ) -composers, artists, writers and entertainers are more prone -mood swings (between mania and depression) punctuated by periods of normalcy Symptoms of Mania: -high energy, racing thoughts, euphoric mood, sleeplessness, optimistism, self-importance, spending sprees, impaired judgment, impulsive, substance abuse
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Schizophrenia (split mind) - Splitting up of normally integrated cognitive functioning (not to be confused with multiple-personality) Symptoms: a) Impaired attention b) Affective disturbance (either “flat affect” or inappropriate emotions c) Hallucinations – sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of real stimuli (auditory ones are the most common) * *
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d) Thought disorders- unable to maintain an orderly flow of ideas (“flight of ideas”, derailment, word salad) e) Inappropriate motor behavior – senseless, repetitive motions; catatonia (motionless) f) Delusions – false beliefs (eg delusions of grandeur) g) Deterioration in quality of work, social relations and personal hygiene
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• Acute or Reactive Schizophrenia -the onset is sudden rather than gradual -it developed quickly after a life stress • Chronic or Process Schizophrenia • -slow-developing • Prognosis is better with acute schizophrenia
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Subtypes a) Positive Symptoms -behavioral excesses or peculiarities; presence of inappropriate behaviors – i.e. hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behaviors, flight of ideas b) Negative Symptoms -behavioral deficits such as flat affect, social withdrawal, apathy, inattention Problem: - patients don’t neatly fit in one category There caw be a mix of Seth positive and negative symptoms .
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Personality Disorders • Milder type of disorder • Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that can impair social functioning • 10 personality disorders are grouped into 3 clusters that have a loose underlying commonality compared to wood disorders . - -
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS Cluster A odd eccentric Cluster B dramatic impulsive Cluster C anxious fearful schizoid schizotypal paranoid histrionic narcissistic borderline antisocial avoidant dependent Obsessive- compulsive
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