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Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding Raina Veney Trinity Washington University PSYC 231: Child Psychology Professor O’Brien October 27, 2023
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding 1. “Lactose intolerance is a major concern driving the growth of lactose-free foods including lactose-free infant formula. It is unknown what the metabolic consequence is of consumption of a formula where lactose has been replaced with corn syrup solids (CSS). Here, a randomized double-blinded intervention study was conducted where exclusively formula-fed infants were fed formula containing either lactose or CSS- based infant formula and compared with an equal number of exclusively breast- fed infants. Plasma metabolites and insulin were measured at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after feeding. Differences in plasma metabolite profiles for formula-fed infants included a rapid increase in circulating amino acids, creatinine and urea compared with breast-fed infants. At 120 min post-feeding, insulin was significantly elevated in formula-fed compared with breast-fed infants. Infants fed lactose-based formula had the highest levels of glucose at 120 min, and leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline at 90 and 120 min, whereas infants fed CSS-based formula had the lowest levels of non- esterified fatty acids at all time points, and glucose at 120 min. Overall, these differences highlight that changes in infant formula composition impact infant metabolism, and show that metabolomics is a powerful tool to help with development of improved infant formulas.” (Slupsky, C. M., He, X., Hernell, O., Andersson, Y., Rudolph, C., Lönnerdal, B., & West, C. E. (2017). 2. “Many studies of infant sleep rely solely on parentally reported data, assuming that parents accurately report their infant’s sleep parameters. The objective of this paper is to
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding examine whether night-time sleep parameters of exclusively breastfed or exclusively formula-fed infants differ, and whether correspondence between parental reports and objective measures varies by feeding type. Methods: Mother-infant dyads intending to breastfeed, or formula-feed exclusively for 18 weeks were recruited. Mothers were multiparas and primiparas, aged between 18 and 45 years. Infants were full-term, normal birthweight singletons. Maternal report and actigraphy data on infant sleep were collected fortnightly, from four to 18 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed cross-sectionally using t-tests and GLM analysis to control for interaction between feed-type and sleep location. Results: Actigraphy-assessed infant sleep parameters did not vary by feed-type but parentally reported sleep parameters did. Maternal report and actigraphy data diverged at 10 weeks postpartum and discrepancies were associated with infant feeding type. Compared to actigraphy, maternal reports by formula-feeding mothers (controlling for infant sleep location) over- estimated infant's Total Sleep Time (TST) at 10 weeks and Longest Sleep Period (LSP) at 10, 12 and 18 weeks. Conclusions: These results raise questions about the outcomes of previous infant sleep studies where accuracy of parentally reported infant sleep data is assumed. That parental reports of infant sleep vary by feeding type is particularly important for reconsidering previous studies of infant sleep development and intervention studies designed to influence sleep outcomes, especially where feed-type was heterogeneous, but was not considered as an independent variable.” (Rudzik, A. E. F., Robinson-Smith, L., & Ball, H. L. (2018).
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Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding 3. “For decades, consistent associations between breastfeeding and children's neurodevelopment have been attributed to breastmilk content in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). However, the beneficial effect of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula on neurodevelopment remains controversial. This study examined the association of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formulas with neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years. Methods: Analyses were based on 9372 children from the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. Monthly from 2 to 10 months, parents declared their infant's feeding mode, including breastfeeding and the name of the infant formula, which allowed for identifying formulas enriched in arachidonic (ARA), eicosatetraenoic (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 1 and 3.5 years with the Child Development Inventory (CDI-1 and CDI-3.5); at 2 years with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-2); and at 3.5 years with the Picture Similarities subtest of the British Ability Scale (BAS-3.5). Associations were assessed by linear regression adjusted for any breastfeeding duration and main confounding factors, including socioeconomic characteristics. Results: One-third of formula-fed infants consumed LC-PUFA- enriched formulas. Most of these formulas were enriched in both DHA and ARA, and about 10% of infants consumed formula further enriched in EPA. LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores at age 1 (CDI-1, − 0.16 [− 0.39, 0.07]), age 2 (MB-2, 0.78 [− 0.33, 1.89]), or age 3.5 (CDI-3.5, − 0.05 [− 0.27, 0.17]; BAS-3.5, − 0.93 [− 2.85, 0.98]). Conclusion: In the ELFE study, LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores up to 3.5 years
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding (Martinot, P., Adjibade, M., Taine, M., Davisse-Paturet, C., Lioret, S., Charles, M.-A., de Lauzon-Guillain, B., & Bernard, J. Y. (2022). 4. Breastfeeding offers several advantages for infants with research suggesting that it benefits development, including cognitive and language development. However, limited research has examined the benefits in infants under one year. Aims: To investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and infant development. Study Design: A longitudinal study conducted over 12 months. Subjects: Two hundred fifty-five mothers and their infants living in South Korea were seen at three time-points based on infants' age (4, 6, and 12 months). Outcome Measures: Breastfeeding data were collected at 4 and 6 months. The Korea- Developmental Screening Test for Infants & Children was administered at 6 and 12 months to measure developmental milestones. We analyzed the relationship between breastfeeding duration in the first 6 months and infant development at 6 and 12 months using logistic regression analysis. Results: Compared to infants who did not breastfeed at all, infants who were exclusively breastfed until 4 months of age followed by mixed breastfeeding had a better communication and social interaction at 6 months, and better cognition, communication, and social interaction at 12 months. Exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age had no apparent impact on the outcomes at 6 and 12 months. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding up to 4 months of age followed by mixed breastfeeding might maximize the effects of infant development in their first year after birth. Breastfeeding programs should effectively communicate that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months benefits infant development.
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding (Choi, H. J., Kang, S. K., & Chung, M. R. (2018) 5.  Breastfeeding (BF) may protect against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children exposed to maternal diabetes in utero, but its effects on infant growth among this high‐ risk group have rarely been evaluated. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate BF intensity and duration in relation to infant growth from birth through 12 months among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Prospective cohort of 464 GDM mother‐infant dyads (28% White, 36% Hispanic, 26% Asian, 8% Black, 2% other). Weight and length measured at birth, 6–9 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Categorized as intensive BF or formula feeding (FF) groups at 6–9 weeks (study baseline), and intensity from birth through 12 months as Group 1: consistent exclusive/mostly FF, Group 2: transition from BF to FF within 3–9 months and Group 3: consistent exclusive/mostly BF. Multivariable mixed linear regression models estimated adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) change in z‐scores; weight‐for‐length (WLZ), weight‐for‐age and length‐for‐age. Results: Compared with intensive BF at 6–9 weeks, FF showed greater increases in WLZ‐scores from 6 to 9 weeks to 6 months [+ 0.38 (0.13 to 0.62) vs. + 0.02 (−0.15 to 0.19); p = 0.02] and birth to 12 months [+ 1.11 (0.87 to 1.34) vs. + 0.53 (0.37 to 0.69); p < 0.001]. For 12‐month intensity and duration, Groups 2 and 3 had smaller WLZ‐score increases than Group 1 from 6 to 9 weeks to 6 months [−0.05 (−0.27 to 0.18) and + 0.07 (−0.19 to 0.23) vs. + 0.40 (0.15 to 0.64); p = 0.01 and 0.07], and birth to 12 months [+ 0.60 (0.39 to 0.82) and + 0.59 (0.33 to 0.85) vs. + 0.97 (0.75 to 1.19); p < 0.05]. Conclusions: Among offspring of mothers with GDM, high
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Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding intensity BF from birth through 1 year is associated with slower infant ponderal growth and lower weight gain.  (Gunderson, E. P., Greenspan, L. C., Faith, M. S., Hurston, S. R., & Quesenberry, C. P., Jr. (2018).
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding References Choi, H. J., Kang, S. K., & Chung, M. R. (2018). The relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and infant development: A 6- and 12-month follow-up study. Early Human Development, 127, 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.011 Gunderson, E. P., Greenspan, L. C., Faith, M. S., Hurston, S. R., & Quesenberry, C. P., Jr. (2018). Breastfeeding and growth during infancy among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Pediatric Obesity, 13(8), 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12277 Martinot, P., Adjibade, M., Taine, M., Davisse-Paturet, C., Lioret, S., Charles, M.-A., de Lauzon-Guillain, B., & Bernard, J. Y. (2022). LC-PUFA enrichment in infant formula and neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years in the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. European Journal of Nutrition, 61(6), 2979–2991. Rudzik, A. E. F., Robinson-Smith, L., & Ball, H. L. (2018). Discrepancies in maternal reports of infant sleep vs actigraphy by mode of feeding. Sleep Medicine, 49, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.010
Bibliography: Breast vs. Formula Feeding Slupsky, C. M., He, X., Hernell, O., Andersson, Y., Rudolph, C., Lönnerdal, B., & West, C. E. (2017). Postprandial metabolic response of breast-fed infants and infants fed lactose-free vs regular infant formula: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03975-4
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