PSYCH 150_ Article 2

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSYCH 150: Article 2 1. Emotion Regulation: Emotion regulation refers to the processes and strategies that individuals use to manage, control, and modify their emotions. Emotion regulation involves consciously or unconsciously altering the intensity, duration, or expression of emotions in order to adapt to different situations. - Cognitive reappraisal: A specific emotion regulation strategy where individuals reinterpret or reframe the meaning of a situation in order to change their emotional response to it. It involves deliberately shifting one's thoughts or perspective to reduce the emotional impact of a particular event or situation. - Emotional suppression: Involves consciously inhibiting or suppressing the outward expression of emotions. It’s when individuals choose to hide or mask their emotions, often by maintaining a neutral or “poker face", even though they may be experiencing strong emotions internally. For cognitive reappraisal, I remember a time when I was nervous about giving a presentation at work. Instead of letting my anxiety overwhelm me, I tried to reframe the situation as an opportunity to showcase my knowledge and skills. Ultimately, by focusing on the positive aspects and reminding myself that I was well-prepared, I was able to shift my mindset and approach the presentation with more confidence. For emotional suppression, I remember when my friend received some disappointing news. Despite feeling upset and disappointed, they chose to suppress their emotions and put on a brave face in front of others. They didn't want their negative emotions to affect the mood of those around them, so they decided to keep their emotions to themselves and deal with them privately. 2. Research Background: Butler et al. (2003) found that the social consequences of emotional suppression and reappraisal can differ. They found that individuals who frequently engage in emotional suppression tend to experience more negative social outcomes. Suppression can hinder effective communication and lead to decreased social support from others. Additionally, the study found that individuals who frequently use cognitive reappraisal tend to have more positive social interactions. Butler et al.'s research suggests that while emotional suppression may have negative social consequences, cognitive reappraisal can have positive effects on social interactions. Alternatively, English and John conducted a cross-sectional study, where they collected data at a single point in time, and examined the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and social outcomes at that specific moment. 3. Proposed Mediators: a. The direct mediator is a variable that is believed to directly explain the relationship between two other variables. In this case, it is a variable that explains the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and social outcomes. The direct mediator that John and English suggested studying is cognitive reappraisal. They proposed that cognitive

PSYCH 150: Article 2 reappraisal works by changing the way individuals interpret and appraise their emotions and the situation they are in. By reframing their thoughts and perceptions, cognitive reappraisal can lead to more positive emotions and adaptive responses, which in turn can positively influence social outcomes. b. The indirect mediator proposed by John and English is social support. They suggest that social support works as an intermediary between emotion regulation strategies and social outcomes. The idea is that when individuals use effective emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, it can lead to improved emotional well-being. This can positively impact the amount and quality of social support they receive from others. c. From Rogers' perspective, the use of suppression should create an incongruence between an individual's inner experiences and their outward expression. It creates a discrepancy between what a person truly feels and what they are showing to others. This incongruence can lead to feelings of inauthenticity and hinder genuine self-expression. d. No, the use of reappraisal does not create the same kind of incongruence and sense of inauthenticity as suppression. The use of reappraisal is not associated with a sense of inauthenticity. When individuals engage in cognitive reappraisal, they are actively reevaluating their thoughts and interpretations of a situation. This ultimately allows them to find new, more positive or adaptive meanings to the events they are experiencing. Rather than suppressing their emotions or pretending they don't exist, reappraisal helps individuals to genuinely reframe their perspective and respond in a more adaptive and authentic way. The use of reappraisal aligns one's internal experiences with their external expressions which promotes a sense of authenticity. 4. In East Asian cultures, suppression of emotions is often encouraged and valued. This is because maintaining harmony, respect, and saving face are important cultural ideals. Expressing strong emotions, especially negative ones, can be seen as disruptive or disrespectful. Instead, individuals are encouraged to suppress their emotions and maintain a calm and composed demeanor. Whereas in Western cultures, there is generally more emphasis on individualism and expressing one's emotions openly. Western cultures often value authenticity and encourage individuals to express their feelings freely. Suppression of emotions may be seen as unhealthy or inauthentic in these cultures. As for which culture is more "practiced" in using suppression, it can vary depending on specific circumstances and individuals. While suppression may be more encouraged in East Asian cultures, it does not mean that every individual in those cultures practices suppression. Similarly, while Western cultures may encourage emotional expression, some individuals within those cultures may still choose to suppress their emotions due to personal or

PSYCH 150: Article 2 situational factors. Overall, however, East Asian culture is probably more “practiced” in using suppression. 5. Methods. a. In Study 1, social functioning was measured using the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR). - Example item: "In the past month, how often have you felt comfortable and at ease in social interactions?" In Study 3, social functioning was measured using the Social Provision Scale (SPS). - Example item: "To what extent do you feel you have people around you who will help in times of need?" b. 1. Positive Emotion Expression Scale: This scale measured the extent to which individuals express positive emotions. - Example item: "How often do you show happiness and excitement when something good happens to you?" 2. Negative Emotion Expression Scale: This scale assessed the extent to which individuals express negative emotions. - Example item: "How frequently do you openly express sadness or frustration when facing challenges?" 3. Authenticity Scale: This scale aimed to capture the degree to which individuals feel authentic in their self-expression. - Example item: "To what extent do you feel that you can genuinely be yourself when interacting with others?" 6. Mediation Analyses in Study 1: A Note and 3 Questions: a. The betas next to the arrows tell me that greater suppression leads to both less expression of positive emotion as well as less authenticity. b. Positive emotion expression is NOT a mediator because it has a correlation of -.04. Whereas authenticity has a far larger correlational relationship. c. Authenticity was the stronger predictor of relationship satisfaction. The two relevant correlations were .-11 and .-04.

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PSYCH 150: Article 2 7. Results: Cultural Differences in Studies 1 and 2: a. Yes the Asian-Americans and the European-Americans in the US student sample in Study one differed. The three ethnic differences that were significant include social functioning at -.10, expression of positive emotion at .16 as well as reappraisal at .15. Yes they fit my expectations as I predicted that they would be substantially different. Yes they did fit the author's predictions. b. The mean difference for suppression use is non-applicable as it does not show in either figure. The reappraisal use is greater in Study 1, the correlation coefficient for authenticity is greater in Study 2 and lastly, life satisfaction is greater in Study 1. c. The suppression was linked to lower expression of positive emotion just as it was in the US sample. d. It can NOT serve as a mediator as the expression of positive emotion does not fully explain or account for the relationship between suppression and relationship satisfaction. e. The authors summarize this result pattern in mean levels and correlations by explaining that the the mean levels are all consistent with previous research like expression of positive emotion, life satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction were all lower in Study 2. 8. Limitations: a. In order to mitigate that limitation, the authors “provided evidence of the robust nature of these effects”. They ultimately did this by showing the connection between low social functioning and suppression. b. Another limitation is their correlational mediation design. I think this could be addressed by employing experimental designs, like randomized controlled trials. By manipulating the independent variable and randomly assigning participants to different conditions, causal relationships can be established. Moreover, conducting longitudinal studies can help examine the temporal order of variables and provide stronger evidence for study 2. 9. Clarifying Question - What does “social costs” entail? What does this mean for emotion suppression? 10. Discussion Question - What are some potential implications of the study's findings on interpersonal relationships? 11. Multiple Choice Question - Which mediator was found to link habitual use of suppression to poor social functioning?

PSYCH 150: Article 2 a. Expression of positive emotion b. Subjective inauthenticity c. Reappraisal d. Emotion-regulatory effort e. Social support

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