Midterm EXAM- RESEARCH METHODS STUDY GUIDE

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University of Central Florida *

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6704

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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2) A state senator is making a speech before the legislature and declares, “Racial profiling is an epidemic throughout our state.” When asked to provide proof of this statement, the senator points to a large folder full of newspaper and magazine articles on racial profiling. Which of the following alternatives to research is the state senator using? Media Chapter 2: 3) The research process is ”characteristically linear” because: good research often creates additional questions. 4) 5) A researcher who says, "I am really unfamiliar with this topic. I need some background information and maybe a little history about it," should look to which of the following sources? Scholarly journals 6) 7)The conceptual definition of domestic violence as, "A potentially severe and reoccurring form of physical assault wherein the victim is an intimate domestic partner," would be: A potentially severe and recurring form of physical assault wherein the victim is an intimate domestic partner. 9) A researcher defines crime as "any behavior that is against the law." At what step in the research process is the researcher at? Conceptualization 10) The analysis step in the research process is relevant: while the researcher is developing the data collection method

11) The portion of a research report that contains a summary of how the research was done and what its findings are is called the: Literature review CHAPTER 3 13. A researcher who asks research subjects to run stop signs in front of police officers to see how the police will react is violating what ethical principle? Do no harm 14. What is the potential harm when a criminal justice researcher interviews violent criminal offenders in their home? Physical Harm 16. When a researcher knows but agrees not to disclose her research subjects’ identities, she has likely assured them of: Confidentiality 20. At the request of the local police chief, you are conducting research on the work habits of police officers. You tell the officers about the nature of the study and the information you are going to collect in interviews with them. You also suggest that their failure to participate in the "department-approved "research project will be reported to the chief. The potential ethical violation here is: Obtain voluntary consent 22. Which of the following groups would be considered a vulnerable population? Prisoners, Children, and Individuals with physical disabilities. Individuals with mental disabilities or cognitive impairments. 23. A student who copies and pastes information from a free public website into a research report without attribution is violating what ethical principle?

Plagiarism 25. Statements of principles that guide professional behavior or practice are called: Professional ethics? Code of ethics? 27. You have been asked to determine the extent to which the local police department enforces marijuana laws. You hire ten students and ask them to openly smoke marijuana in various public places. You want to see if the police confront them. The potential ethical violation here is: do no harm CHAPTER 4 28. If body weight decreases after sustained physical exercise, then the correlation between body weight and calorie intake is: negative 30. If crime decreases following an increase in police patrols, then the correlation between crime and police patrols are: Negative 32. A researcher conducts a secondary analysis of census data to understand how different counties in one state compare with respect to rates of poverty. What is the researcher’s unit of analysis? The counties 33. Spuriousness means: To a connection between two variables that appears to be casual but is not. 34. A recent analysis of aggravated assaults in a northern city reveals that aggravated assaults tend to increase during the warmest months of the year and decrease during

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the coldest months of the year. In this case, we would say which of the following about the correlation between temperature and aggravated assaults? The correlation is positive 35. If the statement, "A lack of education is a cause of crime," is true then, which variable must have happened first? Both variables must happen simultaneously 38. A recent analysis of vehicular burglaries in a northern city reveals that, on average, there are 25 vehicular burglaries throughout the city each month. About as many occur during the winter months as do during the summer months. In this case, we would say which of the following about the correlation between temperature and vehicular burglaries? There is no correlation. 39. A researcher conducts a survey of state prisons to determine how much time it takes officials to process newly admitted inmates into the prison system. What is the researcher’s unit of analysis? State prisons 40. A teacher who reads a research report finds that minority students tend to speak loudly and concludes that each minority student in her classroom must be told to speak softly in the classroom is making what type of logical error? An ecological fallacy 43. The time dimension of a survey given to college freshmen every year for ten years is: Panel 44. The time dimension of a one-time survey on public drunkenness is: Cross-sectional 45. After completing research on crimes committed by girls, a researcher concludes that “when girls commit crimes, they do not consider their behavior criminal. Instead, they consider their behavior a normal response to social inequality.” What research paradigm is this researcher following?

Interpretive 47. A research project revealed that 80% of all adult offenders did not receive religious instruction as children. What is the most likely nature of the data used in this research project? Quantitative 49. To understand the changing demographic characteristics of juvenile offenders, a researcher will survey a random sample of 1,000 juvenile offenders every five years over the next 15 years. What is the time dimension of this research project? Trend Study CHAPTER 5: 51. If crime increases following an increase in gang activities, then the correlation between crime and gang activity is: 53. A line graph that remains horizontal from left to right is representative of: No correlation 55. A line graph that slants higher from left to right is representative of: ( A positive correlation 56. A line graph that slants higher from right to left is representative of: A negative correlation 57. A recent analysis of domestic violence in a northern city reveals that domestic violence incidents tend to increase during the coldest months of the year (i.e., winter) and decrease during the warmest months of the year (i.e., summer). In this case, we would say which of the following about the correlation between temperature and domestic violence?

The correlation is negative. CHAPTER 6 : 59. The term "operationalization"" refers to: One step beyond conceptualization. Operationalization is the process of developing operation definitions, or specifying the exact operations involved in measuring a variable. 61. A research report contains the following statement. “The inventory included ten questions, each asked two different ways for a total of twenty questions to determine a domestic violence victim’s tendency to experience subsequent victimization. In order to test the reliability of this inventory, we divided the questions into two equivalent ten-question inventories. Then, we divided our sample into two equal groups and administered one version of the inventory to each group.” What type of reliable? Split half 63. A criminal justice professor is attempting to measure the level of public support for the death penalty. He develops a survey that includes six statements that deal with the death penalty. Respondents must indicate whether they agree or disagree with the statements. An example of one of the statements is: “The death penalty should be used when the victim is a child or old person.” To measure support for the death penalty, the number of ‘agrees’ is added up. A respondent with more ‘agrees’ is considered to have greater support for the death penalty. This measure is best described as what? Scale 65. A researcher is interested in bullying but learns it is difficult to differentiate between actual bullying and normal playful interactions between third graders during recess. After developing her definition of bullying she asks her three graduate students to observe behavior at an elementary school during recess and identify bullying incidents. At the end of the day, the researcher compares the independent results of the three researchers. What type of reliability is this researcher using? Inter-rater 66. The lowest (least precise) level of measurement is called:

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Nominal-Level Measurement 67. The process by which researchers develop precise definitions for vague concepts is known as: Conceptualization is the process by which researchers develop precise definitions for vague concepts. 68. Similar to an interval or ratio level variable, a type of variable that has an almost unlimited number of values is called: Continuous variables 69. A researcher who uses height as a measure of annual income likely has a problem with: 74. The extent to which a measure consistently measures a social phenomenon is referred to as the measures: Reliability CHAPTER 7: 74. Any characteristic of an individual, group, or social phenemenon that changes is called a(n): Age, gender, income, and education are all variables. 75. A set of attributes for a variable that reasonably all possible responses is said to be: Exhaustive 79. The hypothesis, "Cognitive intervention programs reduce recidivism among paroles," is a(n): Alternative hypothesis

80. The hypothesis, "Female police officers are less likely than male police officers to conduct searches at night," is a(n) Hypothesis of difference 81. The hypothesis, "African-American motorists are more likely to be searched than Caucasian motorists when stopped for routine traffic violations," is a(n): Hypothesis of difference 86. A predictive statement that alleges a plausible connection between two or more variables is called a(n): Alternative hypothesis 87. Which of the following is a variable? Gender Annual Income Hair (All of the above) 89. The independent variable in the hypothesis "Police officers who pursue hobbies unrelated to their profession is less likely to develop cardiovascular disease," is: Hobbies CHAPTER 8 : 90. A scientific technique that allows a researcher to learn something about a population by studying a few members of that population is called: Sampling 91. The measure of a sample’s representativeness and therefore its ability to accurately predict conditions with the population from which it was collected is referred to as its: Level of precision

92. A researcher draws names out of a hat to see which police officers in a particular precinct will be interviewed for a study on workplace satisfaction. This probability sampling technique is best defined as: Simple random sampling 93. A researcher divides the residents of a low-income housing project into two groups: those aged 30 and under, and those over age 30. Ten people from each group were randomly selected for interviews. This probability sampling technique is best defined as: Stratified random sampling 94. A researcher interviews a member of a dangerous religious cult that she has been introduced to. At the end of the interview, she asks for the names of other members of the cult that she might interview. This non-probability sampling technique is best defined as: Snowball sample 95. A researcher writes a life history of a reformed repeat sex offender to see if the offender’s life provides any insight into rare cases of rehabilitation among repeat sex offenders. This non-probability sampling technique is best defined as: Typical case sample 96. A researcher who divides a population into two groups (male and female) and then randomly selects a sample from each group is conducting what type of sampling technique? Stratified random sample 97. The actual list of members of a population that a researcher uses to draw a random sample is called: A sampling frame 98. The individual components of a population are called:

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Elements 99. The difference between the results a researcher gets from a sample and what the results might have been had the entire population been polled is called: Random sample error 100. A researcher wants to understand how serial killers justify their murders. He interviewed convicted serial killers who are currently on death row. This non-probability sampling technique is best described as: Convenience Sample

Midterm EXAM- RESEARCH METHODS STUDY GUIDE

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