Literature Review (1)

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Topic: Will the perceived social status of an applicant based on information in a resume impact the average salary the applicant is offered? Andreak N Bolton Saint Leo University PSY 205: Research Method 1 Miss Maria, Airth December 10, 2023

Will the perceived social status of an applicant based on information in a resume impact the average salary the applicant is offered? Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.) describes a resume as "a short-written description of your education, qualifications, previous job, and sometimes also your interests that you send to an employer when you are trying to get a job." (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.). Resumes provide employers with an overview of a person's professional career history. Today, every job an applicant can apply for will require them to provide a few documents, including a resume. The resume allows applicants to market themselves, and the interviewers love a good sale. No matter the resume a given applicant provides, their chance of being hired should remain the same once it has all the requirements. Sadly, this is not the case; everyone can have similar resumes that highlight their work experience, skills, degrees, and certifications but still receive a difference in their starting salary compared to other applicants because of their perceived social status. Social status can be described as a person's importance compared to others in the same society. Some employers or interviewers may display bias and prejudice when looking to hire. They might be looking for a particular look to their company image or looking for people from the same social background as them. As much as it might be irrelevant to most people, social status will always play a part in many of these employers' decisions. The purpose of this paper is to see if the perceived social status of an applicant based on their resume will lead to higher, regular, or lower initial starting pay. Whether a person's resume truly determines this will show a particular correlation between both, and prove or disprove, causation can be considered. The importance of this problem lies in the situation it will create for those employers who are biased and prejudiced towards certain people based on their name, background, education, job experience, and Gender, to name a few. Stockstill and Carson (2021)

conducted research highlighting how interviewers used their bias to allocate various starting salaries to applicants based on their name, image, and Gender. What they found showed that the participants reviewing the resume and the applicant's picture were more likely to give the applicant a lighter skin tone and a higher starting salary than someone with a darker skin tone. This was because of how the participants viewed the applicants with darker skin tones. "Beauty leads to further advantages in social status, reputation, and social networks, which converts to economic and educational capital." (Stockstill & Carson, 2021, para.13). Stockstill and Carson describe it with this statement: social status can be influenced by anything, from as little detail as the greater of your hair to the more extensive detail of who your family member is. These things, in turn, do affect social status, and with a higher social status in today's economy, the sky is the limit. An individual can get a better-paying job and a higher salary than most. The results from Stockstill and Carson (2021) elevate social status and salary base. It showed that people with more sort-out features were likelier to get higher salaries than those who did not possess those traits. Females with whiter names and skin tones were paid more in some respects than those with darker names and skin tones. This could have been because the participants conducting the evaluations were specifically chosen (lighter skin tone). Compared to men, most men with lighter skin tones were also given higher starting salaries than those of darker skin tones. In conclusion, social status affects the starting salary people receive. Though many articles touch on various aspects of social status regarding initial pay, Landefeld et al. (2014) did not. They focused on whether salary affects how someone views their social status and self-rated health. In this experiment, Landefeld et al. (2014) showed that people can describe their social status compared to those around them as better once they are receiving more income and they rate themselves higher on the health scale, which means that they are not

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they are so stressed by the struggles of not being able to provide. Imagine knowing that the more pay a person receives can raise their mental and self-rated health. This research shows that people who received higher pay raises than their counterparts showed an increase in their livelihood, consequently leading them to feel that they are of a higher social class than their coworkers and to rate themselves higher regarding their health. With this, if these participants were given a higher initial salary than those with whom they worked, they would have considered themselves of higher hierarchy. Their health would have been better because most of their daily stress would have been eliminated. The level of inequality in the initial salary is because of information provided on a resume and an applicant's perceived social status upon reading the resume. Muggleton et al. (2022) best describe it when they state, "Economic inequality has grown substantially in recent years across the world, with 70% of the global population experiencing rising levels of income disparity." (Muggleton et al., 2022, para. 2). This leads to the question of what is income disparity? Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.) describes disparity as "a lack of equality or similarity, especially in a way that is not fair" (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.). With the meaning of disparity, it can be said that income disparity is the lack of equality regarding salary among employees. The study conducted by Muggleton et al. (2022) focused on how lower-rank individuals suffer status anxiety because they might not be able to afford luxury items and emphasized that the growing economic inequality might harm one's overall health, educational performance, and life expectancy. This can be tied to what Landefeld et al. (2014) studied when it comes to the initial pay an employee starts with, and if it is not sufficient for them, they might not rate themselves as having high self-health. Low social status and salary can affect one's health because when anyone in their lifetime feels sick or unwell, they should be able

to provide for themselves and their family's medical needs. Not being able to do so can affect an individual's overall health. Muggleton et al. (2022) showed that all luxury expenditure relates to salary and workplace inequality. Many factors can cause these workplace inequalities. For this research, the factor being looked at is how low or high initial salary affects how a person will spend their earnings. It was seen that people who were earning a small salary based on their resume were more likely to pay more to try to be part of the high salary rank, while those who are of the high salary rank did not feel the need to spend just as much because they were already at that social level and their earnings were enough to make them comfortable with what they have achieved. Muggleton et al. (2022) research showed that luxury spending signals that individuals can improve their social status, self-esteem, and, most importantly, how they see their self-worth. These three self-ideals could propel these employees to work harder and seek better-paying jobs in the future. Using the experience, they have earned and the high luxury expenditure they can gain from a job can make their resume look more appealing and capture the interviewers who are looking at their resumes. The hypothesis for this research is that information provided on an applicant's resume will determine their initial starting salary. The Independent Variable will be the resume, and the dependent variable will be the initial salary. Resume presentation and the information provided on a resume can make or break a person's chance of getting the job they are applying to. The experience individuals gain throughout life can give employers the information to see the best fit for their companies. One's social status can say a lot about them and may or may not determine the initial salary offered when they get hired. People perceive their health compared to others at a higher social status as

insufficient. It is leading them to try to spend more in the hope that they can be seen as of a higher social status. This can cause stressful spending habits that do more harm than good in each situation. Luckily, people who use their increased spending on luxury items can get to a point in their lives where their social status has risen.

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Reference Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Disparity . Cambridge Dictionary | English Dictionary, Translations & Thesaurus. Retrieved December 3, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/disparity Landefeld, J., Burmaster, K., Rehkopf, D., Syme, S., Lahiff, M., Milstein, S., & Fernald, L. (2014, September 28). The association between a living wage and subjective social status and self-rated health: A quasi-experimental study in the Dominican Republic . Shibboleth Authentication Request. Retrieved November 23, 2023, from https://www-sciencedirect-com.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/ S0277953614006182?via%3Dihub Muggleton, N., Trendl, A., Walasek, L., Leake, D., Gathergood, J., & Stewart, N. (2022, February 10). Workplace inequality is associated with status-signaling expenditure. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES. https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2115196119 Stockskill, C., & Carson, G. (2021, February 16). Are lighter-skinned Tanisha and Jamal worth more pay? White people’s gendered colorism toward Black job applicants with racialized names . Shibboleth Authentication Request. https://web-s-ebscohost- com.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=39&sid=a212f687-b89c-45e0- 8f00-67591e2c0e55%40redis

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