OAE 001 ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE EARLY CHILDHOOD (PK-3) FULL EXAM UPDATE

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Grand Canyon University *

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Nov 24, 2024

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OAE 001 ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE: EARLY CHILDHOOD (PK - 3) FULL EXAM UPDATE Heterogeneous groups - Mixing high and low achievers in the same group, which will allow allow low achievers to learn from high achievers Homogeneous groups - The quality or state of being all the same. Having students in the same group, Example: having students in one group with the same reading level Achivement groups - Are created based on a predetermined criteria level in a particular subject. Example: a teacher may divide the students into reading groups based on their reading level. Achivement groups are not appropriate for all subjects. Metacognition - Is the process of thinking about how we think. This is an important concept for teachers to be aware of, as it may affect how students learn. Activities that enhance student's metacognition - Self-reflection, self- observation, introspection Personalized learning techniques - Incorporate both in-school and out-of school learning opportunities. These can include activities at home and within the community. Seclusion - Student is separated from the other student, but is not blocked in or restrained in any way. Inclusion programs - Allow students to stay in a regular classroom for most of the day. This promotes diversity in the classroom and gives all students equal educational opportunities.

Individualized Educational Plan - Outlines issues, goals (both long and short term), objectives, and rewards. The student will be monitored in the regular classroom and be assessed on a regular basis. Constructive assertiveness - teacher is able to identify the problem, state concern, strive to correct behaviors No Child Left Behind Act - A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement. Additionally, this legislation placed emphasis on reading and math. End states - Match the goals and objectives of each center with the skills and abilities of the student who working with an adult at the center. This system helps students gain additional knowledge and information about how what they learn relates to the world around them. An adult provides information that are important for the student to learn. Project Spectrum - Utilized end state centers educationally disadvantaged - Students who participate in the free and reduced lunch programs Informational processing theory - It suggests that it is possible to teach how to think intelligently. Individuals are able to learn new information, as well as to adapt that information into their current schema or ways of thinking. trail and error method - In the classroom, this method allows the students to learn from their own mistakes. Infants often use this method during early development as a primary means of learning. Formative Assessment - To monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. Summative Assessment - evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark Ex: exam, final, project, paper

operant conditioning - Process that attempts to modify behavior through positive and negative reinforcement (Skinner). Discovery learning - Best for learners to discover facts and relationships to themselves (Bruner). Electra conflict - Girls become daddy's girls (sexual attraction to their fathers) and feelings of rivalry with her mother Freud's Oedipal Conflict - Unconscious fear of retaliation/aggression of father External Variables - Feedback received from other people. When given feedback from adults-whether successful or not-children are more likely to develop positive self-concepts, higher self-esteem and grater self-efficacy self-efficacy - An individual's belief that he or she has an ability to succeed in a particular situation. Self-efficiency was developed by Bendura. self-esteem - one's feelings of high or low self-worth, respect one has for self Inner self - child's private feelings, desires, and thoughts. Remembered Self - -Develops with long term memory, including autobiographical memories and things adults have told them, to comprise one's life story. Categorical self - (18-34 months) Concrete view of one self, usually related to observably opposite characteristics (child/adult, girl/boy) self-concept - Children identity, characteristics, abilities, values, and attitudes that define them. For example a believe "I'm a good friend." "I'm a good person." How people think about themselves. sleep - 2-5 year old: 10-12 hours 5-7 year old: 9-11 hours

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instrumental aggression - Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal. Young preschoolers, frequent shouting, hitting, kicking, to get what they want overt aggression - a form of hostile aggression that involves physical attack relational aggression - nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people symptoms of spina bifida - Lower body paresis. It's a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly. Specific Learning Disability - (SLD) Gap between intellectual ability and school performance. It can include conditions such as: brain injury, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. Constructivism - States that learning is an active process. Metaphor - A comparison without using like or as Simile - A comparison using "like" or "as" 4 stages of play - 1. Solitary play 2. Parallel play 3. Associative play 4. Cooperative play Aesthetic development - involves a child's emerging appreciation of beauty and the arts, such as dance, music, drawing, and painting. princer grasp - before age 1 Erik Erickson - Founder of psychosocial developmental model. the person's interactions with other people offers whether she resolves the challenge of each stage in a positive or negative way. Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - (1) Trust vs. Mistrust; - Infants

(2) Autonomy vs. Shame; - Toddlers-3 (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; 3-5 (4) Industry vs. Inferiority;5/6- puberty (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust - The first stage: birth-18 months When basic needs are met, attention received, baby develops trust authonomy vs. shame and doubt - The second stage: 18-3 years -Children are learning muscular control (walking, toilet training) - developing moral senses of right and wrong -become independent and assert themselves as skills are gained -tantrums Initiative vs. Guilt - Erikson's third stage- 3-5 y. in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities -children explore environment further with increased physical, motor, cognitive and social skills -exercise imagination/make believe play -take initiative to plan and act scenarios when play Industry vs. Inferiority - Erikson's fourth stage - 5/6- puberty -occupied with learning new academic and social competencies focus is on achievements/accomplishments -children feel on to new tasks develop sense of inferiority compared to peers. Bandura's Social Learning Theory - Learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behavior. Children imitate behaviors appropriate to their own sex. 4 conditions required for social learning - 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation

Bandura's view on gender identity - Children learn through observing other people's behavior, behavior that are required and then imitating those behaviors to obtain similar rewards. Freud's Psychosexual Stages - 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage Bloom's Taxonomy - 1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge - Observation and recall of information Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension - Understanding information; grasping meaning; translating knowledge into new context; interpreting facts, comparing, contrasting; ordering, grouping, inferring causes; predicting consequences. Question Cues: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, extend. Bloom's Taxonomy: Application - Use of information; using methods, concepts, theories in new situations; solving problems using required skills or knowledge. Question Cues: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, illustrate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment, discover. Bloom's Taxonomy: Analisis - Ability to break down material into its component parts, so that its organizational structure may be understood. Verbs: analize, collect, compose Bloom's Taxonomy: Symthasis - Refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole. This may involve the production of unique communication (theme or speech)

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation - Learning outcomes in this area are highest in the cognitive hierarchy because they contain all elements. Piaget - cognitive development -provides constructionist perspective of learning, exploring how children build or construct knowledge about the world Piaget's stages of cognitive development - 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational Piaget's sensorimotor stage - birth- 2 years use ability to sense and move to acquire information about the world object permanence - "out of sight is out of mind" object permanence - the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view (Infants) Piaget Preoperational Stage - 2-6 -symbolic representation -pretend/make believe play -not yet able to perform mental operations -egocentric children (everything revolves around themselves, can't see other perspective) Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage - 6-12 -thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood -logical thinking -still have difficulty with abstract Chomsky - He believed that language is hard-wired into our brains from birth - Language Acquisition Device Equilibration - Is a concept developed by Piaget that describes the cognitive BALANCING of new information with old knowledge.

Howard Gardner - Theory of multiple intelligences Educators use this information to understand children's different needs and motivate children by focusing on how they learn. autodidact - self-taught person (Montessori method of learning) Lev Vagotsky - His ideas include the role of social interaction in cognitive development -social interaction is important -ZPD -scaffolding -teacher/child dialogues Assimilation - interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Frobel - -father of kindergarten -best known for emphasizing the importance of play in learning -play based instruction Siegfried Engelmann - His project demonstrated the ability of intensive instruction to enhance cognitive skills in disadvantaged preschool aged children Kamii and Devries - created the Piaget-derived curriculum that includes the psychomotor and socioemotional domains Kamii approach finds that children learn via performing mental actions Victor Lewenfeld - Taught art to elementary students and sculpture to blind students. He named 6 stages reflecting the development of children's art Six Stages of Artistic Development - Dr. Viktor Lowenfeld 1. Scribble (1-4 yo) 2. Preschemtic State (3-4yo) 3. Schematic Stage (5-6yo) 4.Dawning Realism (7-9yo) 5. Pseudo-Naturalistic (10-13 yo)

6. Decision Stage (13-16 yo) Pencil Grasp Development - PPDQT P-Princer (before 1) P-Palmar (12-15mth) D-Digital (2-3y) Q- Quadruped (3-4y) T- Tipod (5-6y) Types of play - Free play -children are the most self-directed. Teacher provided props, but children develop the play on their own Guided play- teachers give some directions (music, reading, listening to and telling stories). Project Approach - Children choose a topic interesting to them, they study and research and solve problems knowledge how to apply the principles of effective curriculum, unit and lesson planing - -objectives, standards, developing an assessment schedule, planning activities that include the specifics of the lessons Thorndike's Law of Effect - behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely locus of control - a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment -internal: when a person's believes he/she can influence event and their outcome ("I didn't study enough, and I got a low score on my test") -external: when a person blames outside forces for everything ("blame the teacher, blame everybody else but myself") Formal Assessment - standardized written or performance test of knowledge, aptitude, values, etc. screening test play-based assessment - An assessment model for young children using a natural setting, checklists, and observation to gather data (informal assessment)

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portfolio - A collection of financial assets. Teachers use portfolios to complete and summarize information about child's development and learning over time. Example: samples of drawings, writing, audio or visual records Birgance Diagnostic Inventory - Assessment done for planning instructions Assessments with children with disabilities - Assessments need modification to make the assessment fair. 3 N strategies - 1. Notice - tell the child that you notice what he is doing 2. Nudge- add, do something to child's play 3. Narrate- describe what the child is doing checklists - List of behaviors teachers checks Running Record - a tool for scoring and analyzing a student's reading ability. Anecdotal Notes - Informal assessment where teacher makes small notes based of observations of student behavior or performance. Reliability - consistency Does the assessment yield stable and dependable outcomes? See if the assessment can bring dependable outcome, if yes you can trust the outcome Interest Inventory - an assessment that helps people identify their interest areas. this information will help teachers to choose reading materials for students Self-rating scales - Students complete a questionnaire that is tailored to obtain specific information about the readier. Validity - The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Bayley Scales of Infant Development - Scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used to assess infant development. The current version has

three components: a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile. This assessment is also used for developmental delays Rubrics - Based assessment. Scoring guides or rating system used in performance. Rubrics assist teachers in two ways: 1. make the analysis of student exhibits in the portfolio simpler 2. make the rating process more consistent and objective Diagnostic Assessment - Will pinpoint the source of the problem. Will help to design interventions that address potential problem Explicit Instruction - Classroom teachers state a clear instructional objective to be taught. Specific literacy concepts, skills strategy Systematic Instruction - Classroom teachers teach each grade level's identified scope or range of literacy concepts, skills. Teachers teach range of concepts skills and strategies. Variety of skills. High-stakes testing - an assessment test used to promote students from one grade to the next rating scale - assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to SPECIFIC behavior that is listed in the scale time sampling - an easy and QUICK assessment to administer to observe a consistent set of indicators Pre-assessment - Evaluation that occurs prior to instruction. Purpose is to determine prior knowledge, student interest/motivation, and inform instruction Examples of Pre Assessment (5) - Anticipation guides, concept maps, DRA/running records, drawing, entrance/exit tickets, games, surveys, KWL charts, open ended questioning, prediction, self eval, standardized test scores, discussion, checklist, prewriting activity Formative Assessment - occurs before and during instruction, accommodates student learning rather than just measuring student knowledge

Examples of Formative Assessment - anticipation guides, application cards, background knowledge probe, chain notes, directed paraphrasing, exam evaluation, focused listing, gallery walk, memory matrix, muddiest point, quick writes, think pair share, readers' theater, empty outlines, word journal, approximate analogies Summative Assessment - Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit, determines what has been learned. Examples of summative assessment - performance task, written product, oral product, standardized tests E. L. Thorndike - *1874-1949 *Emphasized assessment *Important task of education is to promote children's reasoning skills *Educational psychology must have scientific base Leta Hollingworth - First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests Mamie and Kenneth Clark - *Conducted research on African-American children's self-conceptions and identity (1939) *Kenneth Clark (1971) first African-American president of APA Behaviorism Instructional Strategies - Reward system, lights off, do homework the premack principle - The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. Phychological noise - when biological or other physical issues interfere with our ability to communicate physiological noise - fatigue and stress can affect our ability to be effective listeners jigsaw - cooperative learning when each member in a group is responsible for teaching an assigned topic to the other members of the group

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a 504 plan - a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the law and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment dynamic assessment - determines how much and what types of support or assistance are needed to increase abilities. DA is influenced by Vagotsky who believed that the best indicator of a person's learning potential was how much he or she could achieve with the assistance of another (ZPD) Interacting assessment is to see what skills children possess/have, as well as their learning potential. scope - the breadth (distance, measurement) and depth of content to be covered in a curriculum at any one time (week, term, year). All that you do in a given period. case study I (200-300 words) - Part 1 1. one strategy that Mrs. X used to ...... 2. This was a good strategy because it gave students ........ 3. It's very important to include ..... 4. According to ........ 5. I think ....... Part 2 1. One additional strategy Mrs. X could have used to ..... 2. This could help students with ..... 3. This strategy would have been effective for several reasons. For children who have trouble or difficulties with ...... , 4. According to Piaget, children are active learners and it's important for them to use hands-on materials. It's important for the teachers to provide a variety of materials, so students know how to use them. 5. Also .... (summarize the question, provide conclusion) Study case II (200-300 words) - Explain the problem- introduce the problem First,... Second,... Finally, .... Body Conclusion

divergent thinking - expands the number of possible problem solutions, ability to propose many different ideas or answers information processing theory - the theory suggests that it is possible to teach other how to think intelligently. Individuals are able to learn new information, as well as adapt that information into their current schemas or ways of thinking. In the classroom, this can be accomplished through critical thinking activities. Group work activities are another way to promote this type of learning, as students can receive and give feedback to their fellow students based on their previous knowledge and experiences. Internalization - it refers to personal and intrinsic value of the learning environment. In a collaborative setting, internalization occurs as students learn from one another and as their personal experiences and thoughts are either confirmed or enhanced. block scheduling - it allows a teacher to schedule more breaks Benefits for low-achieving students - Heterogeneous groups can help low- achieving students because there are mixed with high-achieving students. They can learn from high achieving students. work group - foster social and team building Individual Accountability - A way to assess each student's participation and learning. effective learning - trial and error can be an effective learning tool for children. Reflective learning - Deliberately reflective and active self-guided study hegemony - domination over others Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Topic Modeling - To discover the hidden thematic structure with hierarchical probabilistic models Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence - triarchic theory of successful intelligence (analytical, creative, and practical) Sternberg's theory of information processing - indentify educational objectives Reversibility - the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point ability to conceptualize and understand that things may change but may be changed back to their original states. overt - reviewing, looking over material that is already presented long-term memory - a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years long term memory is stored in Temporal Lobe short-term memory - activated memory that holds a few items briefly 15-30 minutes is located in frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex) reciprocal learning - Helps students learn skills, concepts, information, and new ideas by completing a task after viewing the modeling of the teacher or other students. The teacher may then provide coaching, cueing , or scaffolding as the student engages in the activity A student work in pairs to master lesson content. Students take turns coaching each other through the problems, not giving the answers. Informal Reading Inventory - are used to assess children's reading levels: independent, instructional, frustruation text sets - children read related books, including other versions and squeals and books by the same author or the same topic. Example: Magic Tree House

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Story boards - A comic-strip-like sequence of boxes where each box depicts a scene from a story. Taken in order, the boxes represent the entire story Hot Seat - A communicative role-play activity. Learners sit on a chair perhaps at the front of the class, adopt a role, eg a famous artist, and respond to questions asked by other learners. Prosody - the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry Choral Reading - takes place when a group of students or an entire class reads out loud. Echo Reading - Reading of a text where an adult or experienced reader reads a line of text, and the student repeats the line. Good technique for Emergent and Early Readers to build fluency and expression. repeated reading - Method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved. Students read up to 4 times. function words - GRAMMAR Those words which have a mainly grammatical function (also called grammar words). Includes auxiliary verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and some adverbs. Contrast with content words. Of the 50 most common words in English, 49 are these. on, in, as, an, she, they cloze test - A test of reading ability that requires a person to fill in missing words in a text. Phonemic Awareness - ability to identify component sounds within words print awareness - understanding the nature of print, the function it serves, and the conventions governing its use. (Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms of representation.) Alphabetic Principle - an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

whole language approach - Based on constructionist philosophy and psychology. Children construct their own knowledge through their instructions with their environment. Carl Roger's Theory - He believed in actualization or realizing one's full potential. He applied the "actualization tendency" to full life forms. Project Follow Through - Created 1967 during President Johnson. This was an extension to Project Head Start : -Johmson declared his War on Poverty ▪ affective: school achievement ▪basic skills: SW labs, behavior analysis, DI ▪ cognitive: parent ed, TEEM, cognitively oriented curriculum ego defense mechanisms - largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety sensory memory - the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system working memory - a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual- spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory long-term memory - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Assertivness - expressing one's opinions forcefully without offending others FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) - A federal law that regulates the management of student records and disclosure of information from those records. The Act has its own administrative enforcement mechanism. Custody Issues - Sole Custody Joint Custody (Legal and/or Physical) Split Custody

sole custody - one parent is responsible for raising the child; the other parent has specified visitation rights split custody - the children in the family are divided between the divorcing parents Language Experience Approach (LEA) - An integration of reading and writing approaches using students' experiences and words Basel reader approach - It is skill based/bottom-up approach conservation - the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects magical thinking - cognitive feature of preoperational children; unconstrained by adult understandings of reality, they may believe, for example, that it is possible to turn into a racecar thematic map - a map that shows a particular theme, or topic thematic teaching - A method of integrating and linking multiple curricular elements using themes to make learning meaningful, allowing students to see how the parts connect to a bigger idea; students explore many different aspects of a topic or subject. Bank Street Curriculum - Founded by Lucy Sprague Mitchell. Developmental Interaction Approach. *It gives young children opportunities for physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development through engagement in various types of child care program. -By interacting directly with their geographical, social, and political environments, children are prepared for lifelong learning through this curriculum. ***It's philosophy is that school can simultaneously be stimulating, satisfying, and sensible. School is a significant part of children's lives,

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where they inquire about an experiment with the environment and share ideas with other children as they mature. *** individualistic culture - A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves. collectivist cultures - cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes authoritarian parenting - style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child permisive parenting - Permissive parenting is a type of parenting style characterized by low demands with high responsiveness. authoritive parenting - parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions, extensive verbal give-and- take is allowed, parents are warm and nurturant Assessment - Is the process of gathering materials/data. Assessment--Evaluation--Decision Making Once the data is gathered, you can then evaluate the student's performance. Evaluation draws on one's judgment to determinate the overall value of an outcome based on the assessment data. It is in the decision making process then, there we design ways to improve the recognized weaknesses, gaps, or deficiencies. Assessment and their categories - Assessments can be divided into three groups: 1. Diagnostic Assessment 2. Formative Assessment 3. Summative Assessment Diagnostic Assessment - - can help teachers to identify student's current knowledge of a subject. -a form of assessment designed to provide teachers with information about students' prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity -Pre-test, Self-assessment, interview, discussion board

Formative Assessment - - Takes place during learning and is used to plan or modify instruction - provide feedback and information during the instructional process while learning is taking place - observations, homework, reflection journals, questions, conferences between teacher and student, in-class activities, student feedback Summative Assessment - -Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit. -after the learning has been completed -rubrics, high-stakes, exams, projects, portfolios, term papers, final exam IEP Team - -parents -SPED teacher -Gen Ed teacher -LEA -person responsible to explain results of any testing or evaluation IEP Goals - S- Specific M- Measurable A- Attainable R- Realistic T- Timely IEP how often are reviewed - 12 months structural mental model - when an individual understands the pieces of a complex subject, as well as how the pieces relate and interconnect with each other. this model describes all the components of a concept. this model can be used when discussing abstract concepts or to develop the student's schema for a particular topic. classical conditioning - Developmental learning method that is associate with paring two actions. The most well-known classical conditioning study was Pavlov's dog. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs through training a person or an animal to connect a stimulus with reaction. Vertical Teaming - Strives to bring school districts together Main goals: 1. Collegiality 2. Professional growth 3. School improvement 4. Transition

factors to vertical teaming - 1. Superintendent 2. School board 3. Access to information 4. Communication Team leader in horizontal teaming role - The primary role is to set the direction for a team. Once the direction is set, the other members discuss and agree upon relevant goals and assign tasks. Abuse - physical or emotional harm to someone Abuse is a very serious issue and must be handled with care. if a child confides in a teacher about a situation of abuse, the teacher should show support by comforting the student HOWEVER ONLY a trained professional should conduct questioning into details of such event (school counselors, psychiatric) Abuse - teacher are required to report all instances of suspected abuse. If a teacher waits with reporting, the teacher or school may be charged with fine or criminal charges, and in some cases the teacher who failed to report the abuse might lose her license. Rules - specific expectations about what our behavior should be Withitness - Classroom management strategy in which a teacher gives the impression of knowing what all students are doing at all times Ability to maintain and control a classroom that may become a behavioral problem Ethnocentrism - is the assumption that the views and thoughts of one's culture are correct and the belief that other cultures should emulate one's culture Americans with Disabilities Act - prohibits discrimination against the disabled Inquiry-based learning - Students develop hypotheses, collect information/data to test the hypotheses and analyze information/data and formulate conclusions based on the analyses. This is sometimes referred to as the scientific method.

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constructivism learning - Students take part in hands-on, collaborative and/or project-based learning.

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OAE 001 ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE EARLY CHILDHOOD (PK-3) FULL EXAM UPDATE

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