Abnormal Final (4) (1)

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Final Paper 1 Abnormal Final Paper Ty N, Larson NCTC Author Note First paragraph: Mad Hatter Second paragraph: Eeore Third paragraph: Jimmy Fourth paragraph: Jane

Final Paper The Mad Hatter The Mad Hatter shows signs of Borderline Personality Disorder. Some of the Mad Hatter's behavior could be seen as features of BPD. His erratic behavior, mood swings, and tendency to engage in reckless actions may reflect underlying emotional dysregulation and difficulty in maintaining stable relationships. The Mad Hatter's identity appears to be fluid and fragmented, as evidenced by his nonsensical speech, whimsical mannerisms, and apparent detachment from social norms. His sense of self may be unstable or poorly defined, another characteristic associated with BPD. Borderline Personality Disorder usually shows signs of instability in mood, self-image, behavior, and relationships. People with BPD may exhibit patterns of impulsiveness, such as dangerous driving, alcohol or drug abuse, or self-harming behaviors like cutting or burning themselves. Additionally, individuals with BPD may struggle with a fragile sense of identity and feelings of worthlessness. Interpersonal relationships are often tumultuous, with individuals experiencing intense, unstable relationships marked by idealization and devaluation. BPD can cause significant problems in certain areas of life, including work, social events, and overall quality of life. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), which focuses on enhancing emotion regulation skills, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance Kulacaoglu, F., & Kose, S. (2018). A statistic I found in an article from Joel Paris. The lifetime prevalence of BPD in the general population is estimated to be approximately 1% to 2%, making it one of the most common personality disorders. Individuals with BPD often present with a history of childhood

Final Paper trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, which may contribute to the development of the disorder (Joel Paris). Eeyore If I were a behavioral health professional assessing Eeyore from "Winnie the Pooh," I might consider Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a potential diagnosis for him. Eeyore displays several symptoms that align with MDD, including persistent sadness, feelings of despair, and a lack of interest in activities he once enjoyed. Eeyore often expresses a sense of gloom and despair, frequently expecting negative outcomes. His demeanor is consistently melancholic, and he tends to withdraw from social interactions with his friends in the Hundred Acre Wood. Additionally, Eeyore exhibits a pessimistic outlook on life and struggles to find joy or satisfaction in his daily experiences. Eeyore's self-perception appears to be characterized by feelings of worthlessness and self-criticism. He frequently doubts his abilities and feels like a burden to others, as evidenced by his belief that his friends don't care about him or wouldn't notice if he were gone. Major Depressive Disorder, commonly referred to as depression, is a mental health disorder causing feelings of sadness, despair, and loss of interest in. enjoyable activities. To receive a diagnosis of MDD, symptoms must be present for at least two weeks and significantly impair social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms should not be better accounted for by another medical condition, substance use, or bereavement. Dsm-5. The scholarly article I found for Eeore’s case is from Karrouri, R., Hammani, Z., Benjelloun, R., & Otheman, Y. (2021). Which lists off some interesting treatments tried for

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Final Paper MDD. One such treatment was an induced seizure using magnetic waves. This treatment is not fully understood or confirmed to work effectively. Other known treatments include CBT, Family therapy, or the use of medication like SSRIs. Jimmy Based on Jimmy's symptoms, it appears that he may be experiencing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of life, such as work, health, relationships, and daily responsibilities is common. The anxiety felt seems typically present on most days for at least six months. His worries about forgetting about clients or being diagnosed with cancer show a pattern of irrational worry about future events. Cutting back on work hours due to anxiety further supports the possibility of GAD interfering with his daily functioning. Jimmy needs to seek help from a professional for an assessment and diagnosis. A behavioral health professional would provide a thorough evaluation, including a clinical interview and assessment of symptoms, to determine the most appropriate diagnosis and develop an individualized treatment plan to address Jimmy's symptoms and improve his quality of life. “ It is estimated that genes contribute 30% to 50% to the development of an anxiety disorder. Conversely, the development of an anxiety disorder due to non-genetic factors is approximately 50% to 70%” (Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS.). This statistic makes sense to me but also piques my interest. It is always fascinating to see just how and where some of these disorders can stem from. This article further describes that GAD is a progression of symptoms that span over long periods of time. Treatment options for Jimmy could be mindfulness-based therapy that focuses on promoting values-based behavior change. ACT aims to help individuals develop acceptance of

Final Paper their anxiety symptoms while committing to actions that are consistent with their values and goals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or CBT identifies and challenges negative thought patterns and behaviors. Both of these treatment options would be good for Jimmy, he would also most likely be prescribed medication as well. Jane Based on the symptoms described, including experiencing hallucinations, disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior, decline in hygiene, and delusional beliefs, Jane's symptoms are consistent with Schizophrenia. Characterized by thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior challenges. Hallucinations, such as the visions of people telling Jane to do things, and delusions, such as believing she is living in a simulation, are hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia. Additionally, Jane's disorganized speech, as evidenced by slurred and incoherent speech, along with inappropriate behavior and a decline in hygiene, are indicative of disorganized symptoms commonly seen in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has many symptoms, such as positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms are those that involve abnormal experiences or behaviors, such as hallucinations, delusions, difficulty organizing thoughts or connecting ideas, and disorganized unpredictable, or inappropriate actions. Negative symptoms show a reduction of normal behaviors, such as reduced range or intensity of emotions, lack of motivation, loss of interest in activities, and reduced or impaired social interactions. Cognitive symptoms involve difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functioning. These symptoms can manifest as deficits in concentration, working memory,

Final Paper problem-solving, and decision-making, impairing daily functioning and quality of life. Schizophrenia can occur at any age, unfortunately, the cause of schizophrenia is not understood yet, it is thought to be a combination of multiple factors spanning over long periods of time. An article by Lavretsky H. stated that the emergence and understanding of LSD led to the development of certain medications for Schizophrenia. Observations were also made that MDMA led to people experiencing schizophrenia-like symptoms. Schizophrenia patients were also seen to have physical changes in their brain size for certain lobes. Two types of treatment that I think could be effective for schizophrenia are antipsychotic medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp). Antipsychotics are the beginning treatment for schizophrenia. These alleviate symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Two main classes of antipsychotic medications are typical and atypical. Typical antipsychotics aim to target positive symptoms. Atypical antipsychotics, however, are often favored due to their potential for treatment of both positive and negative symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for Psychosis is a branch of cognitive-behavioral therapy adapted for individuals with psychotic disorders. CBTp aims to help individuals understand and manage their psychotic symptoms, challenge delusional beliefs, and develop coping strategies to reduce distress and improve functioning. CBTp typically involves education about psychosis, cognitive restructuring to challenge and modify maladaptive beliefs, reality testing to differentiate between delusions and reality, and behavioral experiments to test the validity of beliefs and reduce avoidance behaviors. Research suggests that CBTp can be effective in reducing psychotic symptoms, improving insight and functioning, and reducing the risk of relapse when used in conjunction with antipsychotic medications.

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Final Paper References Kulacaoglu, F., & Kose, S. (2018). Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): In the Midst of Vulnerability, Chaos, and Awe. Brain sciences , 8 (11), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110201

Final Paper Karrouri, R., Hammani, Z., Benjelloun, R., & Otheman, Y. (2021). Major depressive disorder: Validated treatments and future challenges. World journal of clinical cases , 9 (31), 9350–9367. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i31.9350 Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10): 1568–1578. Patriquin MA, Mathew SJ. The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Stress. Chronic Stress. 2017;1. doi:10.1177/2470547017703993 Lavretsky H. History of Schizophrenia as a Psychiatric Disorder. In: Mueser KT, Jeste DV, editors. Clinical Handbook of Schizophrenia. New York, New York: Guilford Press; 2008. pp. 3–12.

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