AutoRecovery save of Exam 3 Review 2020-1 (AutoRecovered)
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of Cincinnati, Main Campus *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
1001
Subject
Political Science
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
14
Uploaded by BaronStrawDugong120
Political Science 1001 Final Exam Review Sheet The final exam is CUMULATIVE. This review sheet covers the whole semester so some questions and terms will look familiar from the first review sheet. The final exam has multiple choice as well as short answer questions. There are several essay questions that deal with the third section of the class and your reflections on the group project (
at least 3)
. PLEASE NOTE: The essays on the group projects are not the place to evaluate your team’s performance or how well they worked together. The goal for these essays is to integrate the concepts you learned in class with the practical experience of the project. Short answer questions are like definitins,
Essays are like compare and contrast to concepts
There will be no more than 2 major essays like numer 18. There will most likely be between 3 -4 essay questions.
Review Questions 1.
What’s the difference between basic and applied science in Political Science?
a.
Basic science develop foundational inforatin to help explain phenomena of the world and applied scieine is using the scientific process to solve a particular problem set by a researcher
b.
Applied science is what we do in a lab, in an experiment how we thinkaout studing politics, how can you use science. How do we think about studying poltiics
2.
How are the subfields of political science related to one another? Maybe essay question
a.
The triangle model/ AM CP and IR are empirical and political theory cares more about the philosophical foundatins abot the study of political. How
institutiosn ought to relate to individuals. The triangle is composed of the relationship because institutions political behavior and the mediators. b.
The subfields subfields of political science are related to one another is several ways. The four primary subfields of political science are American Politics, Comparative Politics, International relations and Political Theory. These four disciplines are related to each other through the types of questions asked. All questions generally come down to asking about three things: institutions like governments, organzations and congress, political behavior like how people think and vote, and finally Mediators that are between instutions and behavior like political parties. All empirical parts of political science research ends up asking about the instutions or political behavior. American Politics, Comparative Politics and Internatioal Relations are all emphircal unlike political theory which deals with the philosophical begins for the study of polticals. c.
There are more subfields than just the main 4 fields. The three general questions also relate to the other subfields of political science. Political psychology focuses on understanding political behavior Political economy, deals with the workings of taxes and trade at all levels of government including international issues. The Public Policy discipline trys to understand the ways to implement legislation. Public adminstition focuses on how political institutions are managed and Public law focues on law how it is created, practiced and implemented. 3.
Knowing what you know now, what would you do differently in your project? Synthesize 3-8 because this will definitely be an essay
a.
There are several things I would do differently in my project, I would have changed my operational definition of organizational democracy to organizational democracy is an organizational structure in which policy and
operations and organization leader are decided upon by members through voting either directly by the members or by representatives. 4.
Do you personally think organizational democracy is important? a.
The importance of democracy depends on the definition of organization. If organization is defined as a club (such as a book, dinner or community service) club then democracy is important because it allows members to express their desires for actions that effect them. If the definition of organization includes structures such as a business, then democracy is not important. A private business has no obligation to oblige to its employees wishes. This can be directly observed at the privately owned craft store,
Hobby Lobby, where they refuse to cover contraceptives under employee healthcare despite numerous employee petitions.
5.
What was the hardest part of the data collection? Why? a.
The hardest part of data collection was been virtual, many club members had cameras and mics off which made it difficult to observe and document the behavior and interactions between club members. Therefore we were only able to base our observations off the the club members that either participated or had their cameras on. 6.
How did your ideas and operationalizations of democracy change over the course of the project? a.
Over the course of this project I refined … above new defintion
7.
Was the research you produced in the project valid? How do you know? a.
Validity is the extent that results accurately measured what they were supposed to be measuring and its ability to be generalized to the larger poluation. The research produced in our project was valid because of our sampling methods and data collection methods. Because our sample only consisted of members of the UCKnits club we are able to generalize our results to the entire club. In our research we used specific measures to determinet measures to determine whether or not UCKnits is democratic and those measures where the amount of participation from group members, whether or not new ideas for the club were welcome, how club leaders are determined. and if from and open conversation was encouraged or not by group leaders. b.
In our standardized survey sent out to group members, we recievd 8 responses. On our survey we specifically asked questions regarding the club leaders’ openness to new ideas, and how much were members able to communicate freely. 100% of the respondents answered yes to the question “do you feel your opinions regarding club activities are listened to” and in rating the club officers “quality of response to new ideas” from 1-5 (5 being the best) 6 responded 5 and 2 responed 4. These questions directly measure the things we looked for in our determination of whether UCKnits was democratic or not. The consistenct of the responses raised the results reliability and in turn the validity because it measures the concepts it is suppose to be measuring. START BY HERE, DICUSS THE RESULTS QUICKLY FOR THEIR CONSISTENCY, REMEMBER RESULTS MUCH
BE RELIABLY TO BE VALID AND CONSISTENT RESULTS = RELIABILITY.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
c.
OUR INTERVIEW RESULTS ARE ALSO VALID BECAUSE
d.
OUR OBSERVATION RESULTS ARE VALID BECAUSE
8.
THIS IS GOING TO BE THE MULTI PART ESSAY If you were going to design a research project to study DEMOCRACY, how would you do it? What would you need to know before you start? What would you be looking for?
a.
Before I start my research I would need a definition of democracy, My definition of deomcracry as a structure of governing that is rule by people. b.
In a research project studying democracy I would need to follow the 8 step research process: question, theory, hypothesis, operationalization, instrumentation, measurement, analysis and conclusion. I would begin by creating a specific research question about democracy that will guide my research. After formulating my research question I would then create a theory that could be the answer to my research question. To make my theory I would research existing data from previous democracy studies. After making my theory I would refine my theory into a more specifical hypothesis that is testable that is consistent with data from previous studes. I would then refine the concepts from my theory and hypothesis in my operationalization, for example my operational definition of democracy might be democray is a governing structure where rule by people means policy is decided by the people either through a vote or through reporesentatives elected by majority vote directly by the people. In my instrutmentation I would decide the research method that would be used. I would use a case study because they are good for finding context and indepth understanding of what we are studying. 9.
What is the difference between a population and a sample? Why do we create samples? a.
A population is the entire group that we are researching
b.
a sample is a portion of a the population we are studying. The response from
the sample are used to generalize to the entire population
10.
What are the different types of non-probability sample and why might they be used? a.
Easy I have te definitions in my notes
11. What are the benefits of survey research? a.
Closed question surveys responses are easy to analyize
b.
Surveys are versatile because you can use survey methods for many different things
c.
Surveys are efficient and cost effective, online surveys is the most cost effective research method out theire
d.
Surveys are able to be generalized to a population why
12.
What do you need to know/do to write a good survey question?
a.
Good survey questions use precise wording to avoiding creating double barrele questions.
Good survey questions do not use complex words or make
assumptions about what participants know about topics. Good survey questions avoid being to detailed because the question gets lost in the fluff. Too make information could also turn a question into a leading question that tries to illicept a certain answer out of partitipcations. Overall survey questions use precise wording, avoid adding too much information to the question, and avoiding phrases that could lead a participant to a certain response.
13.
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? a.
Qualitative research is used understand context and trends that can help researchers make inferences about causation. Qualiative research is generally done through field research and interviews, and using archival data. Qualitative research collects opinions and thoughts of a respondent.
b.
Quantitative data trys to find relationships between variables and causation.
Quantiative research processes collect and analyze numerical types of data. Quanatiative results are more generalizable than qulaitie data. Most quantitative research is done through experiments.
c.
There are several differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Unlike Qualitative research, quantitative research tends to deal with numeral and statistical data getting data from experiments and . Qualitative
data tends to be more textual data from interviews, observations and archival data. Qualitative data is more in depth that quantitative data, because it generally focuses on understanding the context of a single or small number of cases or phenomena while quantitative data aims to be as generalizable as possible.
14.
Why might you use Content Analysis? THERE WILL DEFINITIVE BE A QUESTION ABOUT CONTENT ANALYSIS!!!
a.
Content analyize can be used interviews, conversations, newspapers or anything that is using language to communicate. Content analysis is the analysis of language and communications to find patterns using systemic techniques.
15. How do you decide who you want to interview? a.
Interviews are used to obtain context into a peoples thoughts and opinions regarding certain events or situations. For example, interviews are commonly done to understanding peoples opions regarding public policy. People that are selected for interviews do not need to be random select, often times it is the people whom are most likely to provide the researcher with the best information from the population.
16. Why does direct observation have such high external validity? a.
Direct observation has a high external validity because the research is actively observing and recording the participants and the behaviors and occurrences are more likely to be the natural of the larger group meaning that the results are able to be generalized to the population. 17. How should researchers deal with deception in experiments, direct observation, or focus groups? a.
Researchers should followthe ethical guidelines of informed consent where they given the participants enough information about the study and enough time to decide whether they want to participate or not. b.
In experiments where deception is involved, there is a post experiment debrief where the reresearch informs the participants of the actual reasoning for the study and tries to remove any distress that was caused by this deception
c.
Researchers should identify what the benefits of this resarsh is and publish the results so it is avaible to all.
18. How do you analyze most qualitative data? a.
Qualitative research differs from quantative research because qualitative resaerchers do not have to wait till the study is finished to begin analyzin data. Qualiative researchers follow a process where they will collect the data, than prepare the dta by transciping it into a more accessible form
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
categorized and organized so it is analyizble, then reserachers will analyze the data to identify patterns and relationships between concepts using a content analysis, coding or other ways. Finally researchers will draw concluscions from this analysis.
19. When would you want to create a case study? a.
Case studies are used to study complex phenomena by breaking up complex scenarios into more manageable pieces for study. Case studies are great when trying to get detailed descriptions anout historical events 20. What kind of information do you need for a case study and how would you organize it?
a.
Case studies are usually done to understand past events therefore you need access to historical documents which can be obtained from government archives or political sciene data bases. 21.
What is the difference between a classic experiment and a natural experiment? a.
a natural experiment is an experiment conducted in real life environments of everday people but there is no experimenter control over things like the independent variable because there is no control over natural life. Natural experiments are generally done during crisis’s such as 9//11 to study changes
in peoples opinions. A classic experiment is where the experimenter has control over the independent variable
22.
What aspects make experiments so powerful in terms of their ability to explain causal inference? THIS WAS AN ESSAY!!!
a.
Expariments are powerful in terms of their ability to explain causal infferences because of the high validity and reliable results. Experiments are
great for explaining causal inferences because they account for different types of variables in order to prove that the reactive that happened in the dependent variable only could have happened as a result from achange in the indepdent variable. The use of control variables allow eperiments to remove possibility that variables other than the indpedent variable that could provoke the change in the depdent variable. Experiments also identify
b.
Experiments also test for reliability and validity.
c.
Experiments are great for explaining causual inferences for many reasons. Causation is a relationship between 2 variables where changes in one variable cause changes in the other. To determine causation there are three criteria, association, direction of influence and no other common cause of change. Assocation means that two or more variables have a relationship where changes in one bring about changes in the other variables. Direction of influence means if variable A causes variable B to change than a change in variable A will lead to changes in variable B. The final criteria to infer casuation is to rule out the possible of other common causes that would bring about the change such as extraneous, antecedent or intervening variables. d.
Experiments are great are proving causal relationships because of their high
internal validity. Internal validity is evidence that disproves the possibility of variables other than the independent variable as the reasons for the measured changed in the dependent variable. The use of control variable is a reason high internal validity.
e.
Controlled Experiments are able best able to demonstrate causal relationships because of the use of control variables to guard against other forces from intervening in the experiment. A control variable, also known as
a constant, are variable added by the research that are kept the same through the experiment in order to minize the influence of variables other than the desired independent variable. Thus researchers are able to be more
confident that the results/changes in the dependent variable are provoked by the independent variable. Control variables also increase reliability of the results which in turn strengths the validity of the causal inference.
23.
Be sure to understand the validity and reliability issues with each method of data collection we’ve discussed in this section of the class
. a.
Expierments
i.
Experiments are high in internal validity but low in external validity.
Internal validity is evidence that disproves the possibility of variables
other than the independent variable as the reasons for the measured changed in the dependent variable. Experiments are high in internal validity because they use control variables to reduce the chance of extraneous varialbes other than the indepdnet variable of producing the change in the dependet variable. This makes them great at proving causal inferences. However expierments have low external validity. External validity is the extent that expiermental findings are
able to be generalized to larger populations, and phenomena. Expierments are generally low in external validity because
laboratory social experiment results are difficult to generalize to the actual world because you cannot control the real world. External validity can be increased by its ability to replicate the experiment. Replication is the process of reeating a study using difference samples, settings or small changes in procedures. ii.
The reliability of expiermental resls canbe srengthed through the repetition of an experiment. If an expiermetn is conducted multiple times with difference researchers and samples and gets similar results than the results are reliably. Reliablity is the how consistent the results of an experiment are across multiple experients. b.
Survey
i.
Validity ii.
Reliability
c.
Case study
i.
Validity ii.
Reliability
d.
Interview
i.
Validity
ii.
Reliablilty.
24.
How do theory, hypotheses, and operationalization impact the choice of data collection methods? 25. -List and define the challenges we face when we do research on the social world. a.
Social research is difficult to generalize findings to larger populations or different groups because different reserachers studying the sample sample may have different results. Experiments are difficult in social research because much of the real world cannot be controlled in a controlled environment and when people are aware they are being studied they tend to act different either to pain themselves in a better light or act in the way the research wants them to act. There are several ethical issues in social research: potentional harm, lack of informed consent, deception and privacy. People are resistant to change
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
26. -What are the characteristics of Scientific Research? a.
Scientific research is systematic, explicit, controlled, transimissible and predicitve
27. -List and explain the eight stages of scientific research (Actually, a really thorough answer here that includes information from all the lectures in this section could cover a reasonable part of what you need to know for the whole test). a.
Question—
i.
A scientific research question is one that is answerable through the systematic collction and analysis of verifiable data, good research questions are specific and have a proposed relationship between ariables that assume a cause and affect
b.
Theory
i.
A theory is a formal statement that is a plausible answer to research questions. Theorys are formed through conceptualizing problems, common snense and can help us better understand the world. c.
Hypothesis
i.
A hypothesis is a testable statement that with an assumed but unconfirmed casual relationship between 2 or more variables. Theories are often said to be an educated guess.
d.
Operationalization i.
The process of defining specific concepts that were stated in the hypothesis and theory. Operational defintinos are specific enough that they can be replication by other researchers
e.
Instrutmentation
i.
This is where you would select the data collection method you are using such as expiermential, survey or observational f.
Measurement
i.
The level of inference you can make about the collected data. The different levels of measurement are nominal ordinal interval and ration measures (define) g.
Analysis
i.
This is where you use the data collected to answer the research question their an inductive or deductive process, … h.
concluscions
28. -What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? a.
A hypothesis is different from a theory because hypothesis have more specified concepts and are testible
29. -Why do we need theories in political research? The goal of science to to produce theorietial knowledge and a better understanding of the workings of the word
30. -What are the characteristics of a good theory? a.
Answerable, logical testable feasible, prior information
31. - How can you best operationalize a variable? a.
Variables can be operationalized through manipulation operations and measurement operations. Manipulation operations are designed t change the value or category of a variable, while measurement operations estimate existing values or categories. Manipulation of an indipendent variable is by defintion experimental.. There are three primary sources of measurement operations, verbal reports, oersavtional, and archival records
32. -List and describe the types of variables we discussed in class. a.
Indepdent variables- presumed influence or cause of the dependent variable
b.
Dependent variable- the variable researchers are measuring to explain or predict
c.
Extraneous Variables- variables that are not part of the hypothesis
d.
Antecedent Variable- varable that occurs before and may be the cause of both the independent and dependent variable in a causal relationship
e.
Intervening Variable- a variable that is intermiediate between two other variables of a causal relationship. It is the effect of one and the cause of another.
f.
Constant Variable- a variable that is not allowed to variable or held constant through the course of data collection and analysis
g.
33. -What are the criteria for causation? a.
The criteria for causation are association, direction of influence, and no common causes. Two or more variables are associated or form a relationship
to the extent that changes in one variable are accompianed by changes in another. Direction of influence if A causes B then changes in A will bring about changes in B. If two variables are associated statistically there should be no common causes.
34. -Be able to describe and identify the four levels of measurement.
Nominal
Numbers only serve to label categories of variables
Variables must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive
Exhuasted- there must be sufficient categories so that
virtually all person, events or things being classified will fit into one of the categories
Mutually exclusive- the person or thing being classified must not fit into more than one category
Ordinal
Numbers indicate the rank, or order of cases on some variables
Refers to frequency
Interval
The qualities of the nominal and ordinal levels plus the requirements equal distance or intervals between umbers represent equal distince in the variable eing measured.
Ratio
Includes all over levels plus an absolute non arbitrary zero point
The presence of absolute zero makes it possible to nae and divide scale numers meaningfully and thereby fotm ratios
a.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
35. -What is the difference between validity and reliability? a.
Reliability tests for stability and consistency. Validity is concerned with the accuracry of your measurements and are you measuring what you say your measuring.
36. -How can you determine if a measure is valid or not? a.
convergent validation- the extent to which indpedentment measures of the same concept are associated with each other. Construction Validity-the accumulation of research evidence indicapting that a measure is related to other variables as expected
37. -Explain how you know whether a measure is reliable or not. a.
Test-retest- the association between repeating testing of an operational definition. Interval consistency- the consistency of scores across all items of a composite measure. Interater reliability- different researchers get equivalent results when applying the same measures
Empirical Analysis – idea that we need to deal with what is, how do we describe, categorize and anaylize the characteristics of our current democracy. Quantitative and wualitiative analysis
Normative Analysis guiding principles what kind of thinks should we pay ateentionto ? dicusses
the big question
Generalizability - the ability to apply the results of result on broader terms
Association/Correlation the process of establishing a relational between two or more variables
Causation - cause and effect
Aggregate Data
Cluster Sample Confidence Interval Confidence Level “going native” Census Comparative Research Content Analysis Association/Correlati
on Causation Control Variable
Deduction
Democracy Demographic questions
Influence Likert Scale Margin of Error Political Economy Probability Sample Public Administration Public Policy Randomization Reactivity Sampling Error Survey Instrument
Ecological Fallacy
Elite Interviewing Empirical Analysis Experimental Method
Generalizability
Intercoder Reliability
Interview Protocol Iterative process Levels of Analysis Method effects
Normative Analysis Participant Observer Valid Causal Inference Experimental research
Quasi-
Experimentalresearch
Hypothesis
Idiographic I
ndex
Induction I
nstrumentatio
n Nomothetic
Operationalization Probabilistic Laws Retroduction