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Week 13 Assignment Packet Complete the Week 13 assignment packet according to the directions listed in I-Learn. Record your answers directly below each question. When you have finished your packet, save it and upload it to the W13 Worksheet: The Bill of Rights page on I-Learn. Part 1: "Countdown to Zero" 1. What way was (is) al-Qaeda trying to acquire a bomb? (7:35–8:10) 2. They can steal, buy, or build. 3. How much “loss” was acceptable in the plutonium/uranium factory in Luch (in the former USSR)? (9:43–10:00) 4. Output within about 3% of the input. 5. __Complexity ________________ is the enemy to ______Reliability____________________ (20:28–20:54) 6. Who was the “Father” of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb? (33:05–33:30) 7. A.Q. Khan 8. Compared to other cargo, highly enriched uranium has relatively _very weak _______ radiation. (40:00–41:05) 9. Where, according to one expert, is the most dangerous place right now? (46:13–46:23) 10. Pakistan 11. How many nuclear weapons do they estimate are in the world still? (55:32–55:41) 12. 23,000 – there used to be 60,000

13. How much time was Boris Yeltsin given to decide if the United States was attacking Moscow? (1:01:59–1:02:10) 14. Five minutes 15. What feelings does Gorbachev say he had concerning the failure to dissolve nuclear weapons? (1:10:00–1:10:08) 16. Sadness, because they truly opened the door and peeked over the horizon, but still failed. Now more than forty countries have nuclear capabilities. 17. How many tons of HEU (Highly Enriched Uranium) do we have in the world today? (1:20:38–1:20:45) 18. 1700 tons of H.E.U Part 2: Create a Bill of Human Rights 1. After reviewing the Declaration, have your views changed about what constitutes a human right? Not really, I stand by my belief that all humans reserve the right to freely exercise their belief without being infringed upon by the government or others. Some of the rights included in the declaration seem superfluous and not what I consider to be rights.’’ 2. Have any of your answers to the survey changed? 3. NONE. 4. Make a list of at least ten rights you think everyone should have. 1. Freedom of speech, opinion, and expression – no censorship by government. 2. The right to peaceably assemble and petition the government. 3. Freedom to exercise religion. 4. The right to due process. 5. This is similar, but the right to a jury of one’s own peers.

6. Writ of habeas corpus 7. The right to privacy from the government 8. Equal pay for equal work. 9. Everyone being equal before the law. 10. The right to participate in government, i.e. voting 5. What should be considered human rights? 6. Anything that falls into the realm of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness not being infringed upon and with each person being equally viewed under the eyes of the law. 7. Are there any rights you think should be included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that aren’t? 8. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentioned the right of everyone charged with a penal offence having the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty with guarantees necessary for his defense, which is presumed to be a lawyer, but fails to mention a jury or the right to standardized trials or other components of due process outside of the right to an attorney. It also didn’t give the right to privacy, although it did specify no interference by the government in the seeking, receiving, or imparting of information. Which, depending on interpretation, basically gives the right to not be censored, but does not give the right to not be spied on.

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Part 3: Deep Questions About the Cuban Missile Crisis Each answer to the questions in both parts listed below should be one or two paragraphs that address every aspect of the question. Part A 1. What are the factors surrounding the decision to attack the Cuban Missiles? 2. After the failed US attempt to overthrow the Castro regime with the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy administration planned Operation Mongoose while Nikita Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Fidel Castro to bolster the Soviet nuclear missile sites within Cuba to deter future invasions. Construction of several missile sites began in the late summer, but U.S. intelligence discovered evidence of a general Soviet arms build-up on Cuba, including Soviet IL–28 bombers, during routine surveillance flights. On September 4, 1962, President Kennedy issued a public warning against the introduction of offensive weapons into Cuba. Despite the warning, on October 14 a U.S. U–2 aircraft took several pictures clearly showing sites for medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) under construction in Cuba. These images were processed and presented to the White House the next day, thus precipitating the onset of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The decision to attack the Cuban Missiles rested with the fear of the Americans that they may eventually be used as an offensive attack rather than the supposed defensive measure claimed by the Russians and Cubans 3. What is the difference between the letter Khrushchev sent on October 26th and the Letter he sent on the 27th? List evidence to show the differences. 4. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a long rambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations would be dismantled, and personnel removed in exchange for United States assurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27, another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting that missile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United States dismantled its missile installations in Turkey. The American administration decided to ignore this second letter and to accept the offer outlined in the letter of October 26. Khrushchev then announced on October 28 that he would dismantle the installations and return them to the Soviet Union, expressing his trust that the United States would not invade Cuba. 5. What are the consequences of military action?

6. The suggested military action involved an air strike to destroy all missiles, followed by a US invasion of Cuba. However, this would have resulted in a full-blown nuclear war that would have enveloped all of NATO and the USSR—essentially world war three. 7. What are the consequences of removing the missiles from Turkey? 8. Removing the missiles from Turkey would leave the furthest Western NATO ally unprotected from possible invasion by Russian forces. It also removes the US capability of containment of Russian prospects in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. 9. What are the consequences of choosing to do nothing? 10. There would be a possible chance that the Soviet Union decides to use their nuclear capabilities in Cuba as a first-strike offensive attack on the United States. Regardless of whether the missiles were ever going to be used, it would serve as “containment” of the US superpower capabilities by the Russians in the same way that Americans used NATO, especially Turkey, to contain the Russians. 11. What would you do, if you were President Kennedy and why? Honestly, the blockade/embargo used by President Kennedy and the subsequent denuclearization of Turkey was the best mode of action that the United States could have possibly taken without going to war. Even though the United States has some of the greatest military capabilities in the world, the greatest military leaders throughout history have either completely avoided or failed to conquer Russia. I would be hard-pressed to see the United States overcome this precedent Part B 1. What can be learned from the decision made by President Kennedy? President Kennedy understood that whatever decision he made would ultimately affect the entire world and should not be made lightly or in a few moments. As such, it took around two weeks for these peace talks to go from near full-blown war to demilitarization. The whole world was on the brink of war now and President Kennedy, after the Bay of Pigs fiasco, realized that quasi-unilateral decisions were not a good mode of attack. As such, Kennedy and his advisers deliberated, criticized, and debated to save the world with a simple blockade 2. What can be said for the Soviet Union? Depending on the letter, the impetus of the Soviet Union was to denuclearize the US through containment/deterrence. By placing missiles in Cuba, it seems that they hoped the US would be strong-armed in removing their missiles from Turkey. Khrushchev reportedly made that decision in May 1962, declaring to a confidant that the Americans “have surrounded us with bases on all sides” and that missiles in Cuba would help to counter an “intolerable provocation.” However,

thanks to Kennedy’s resolve, he was forced to make a unilateral Soviet weapons withdrawal from Cuba. 3. How was your response different from President Kennedy’s? NO is not. 4. Write a two- to three-paragraph response about what you learned about the Cuban Missile Crisis and international relations that you had not realized or considered before. The Cuban missile crisis stands as a testament to how one man’s resolve can ultimately lead the country into destruction or salvation. It also helped Kennedy’s image domestically and internationally by mitigating negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Two other important results of the crisis came in unique forms. First, despite the flurry of direct and indirect communications between the White House and the Kremlin—perhaps because of it —Kennedy and Khrushchev, and their advisers, struggled throughout the crisis to clearly understand each other’s true intentions, while the world hung on the brink of possible nuclear war. On a different note: JFK’s resolution in the missile crisis was a negotiated outcome which even offered a “secret sweetener”—a U.S. pledge to remove its missiles in Turkey, which sat right on the Soviet border and were analogous to the missiles Khrushchev wanted in Cuba. It is true that JFK kept this secret even from most members of his inner circle. He was managing public perception and did not want to give an opening for political opponents to exploit the event to portray him as too soft or weak. Which is another testament to how political pressures may remove the politician from behaving in a certain way, even if what they are doing is for the betterment of the world.

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