Realist Insights from Feminist Theories in International Relations

1 Peace and War in International Politics Assignment 2 Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Date

2 Q2. What can Realist scholars learn from Feminist IR theories? (410 Words) According to realist theories like Hans Morgenthau, international society is anarchic, and all states strive to maximize their interests; power serves these states' interests above all else (Scheuerman, 2009). Realists believe that power is equivalent to violence and war. It is worried about matters of security and war. It boldly assumes that all states act in their national interests while emphasizing the importance of the nation-state. It holds that cooperation between states only serves egotistical national interests. Realists also question the ability of international organizations to promote peace in situations where states work together without regard for their interests (Scheuerman, 2009). They also thought that the only way to resolve disputes was through coercion. However, globalization's emergence of economic interdependence has increased trade and investment relations cooperation. Furthermore, the post-World War II rise of multilateral institutions such as the United Nations resulted in more cooperative relations among states. Realists, for example, failed to predict the Soviet Union's demise and the subsequent peace (Sweet, 2018). State-to-state relations no longer revolve solely around the realist issues of war and security due to structural challenges and changes in international relations. Theorists started to look into the place of gender in international relations in the latter half of the 1980s. Traditional IR theories like liberalism and Realism, according to feminists, only present a partial picture. The three primary waves of feminist movements have contributed to the development of the feminist theory (Sweet, 2018). The first was focused on equal rights and the fight for suffrage. The second wave was characterized by the social construction of gender studies and the persistence of the call for equality of rights and treatment. Realists should take keen views on the impacts of such primary waves of feminist movements. This feminist IR theory criticizes Realism, which places a strong emphasis on power and takes into account patriarchy. Individual roles are ignored in Realism's pessimistic view of international relations. Realists should, therefore, learn and embrace new changes. Today, the feminist theory provides a new perspective on international relations. IR is gendered to marginalize women's voices; she emphasizes the importance of women's knowledge, perspectives, and experiences in studying international relations (Prugi and Tickner, 2018). As diplomats and decision-makers,

3 feminists contend that men from patriarchal backgrounds play crucial roles in international relations. Feminists, therefore, contest Eurocentric and male IR theories such as Realism that ignore gender, race, class, and ethnicity. Therefore, feminism places a higher priority on human security, peace, and development.

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4 References Prügl, E., & Tickner, J. A. (2018). Feminist international relations: some research agendas for a world in transition. European Journal of Politics and Gender , 1 (1- 2), 75-91. Scheuerman, W. E. (2009). Hans Morgenthau: realism and beyond. Sweet, P. L. (2018). The feminist question in Realism. Sociological Theory , 36 (3), 221-243.

5 Q5. Do the UN peace operations have a future? (404 Words) Yes, the UN has a future in peacekeeping. The United Nations has sent out intricate peacekeeping missions to end 16 civil wars since the Cold War. Of the 16 missions, 11 completed their tasks, and none of the 11 nations experienced a civil war again. In response to UN initiatives, potentially harmful and disruptive technologies, climatic disasters and population displacement, rising urbanization and extreme poverty, political unrest and polarization, and the continued evolution of non-state armed groups could all transform societies over the next five to ten years (United Nations Peacekeeping, 2022). Previously peaceful nations are now capable of experiencing fresh civil unrest, resolving protracted disputes, and waging future wars virtually without using live weapons. The Secretary-Action General's for Peacekeeping (A4P) initiative was introduced in 2018 and continues to serve as the primary foundation for peacekeeping policy and reform. Its focus is on bolstering current peacekeeping operations. The next stage of A4P implementation, which will take place in 2021 and beyond, is currently being prioritized by the Secretariat (Osland and Peter, 2021). Longer-term patterns of conflict and peace must also be taken into consideration. The Future of Peacekeeping project aims to imagine what peacekeeping operations might look like in the future. It is the result of extensive consultations with UN and non-UN stakeholders, including discussions within and outside the UN Secretariat, as well as dozens of interviews with peacekeeping stakeholders, including representatives from Member States, academia, civil society, regional organizations, and current and former peacekeepers. Many think-piece papers outlining future considerations have been commissioned in addition to these extensive and varied consultations and interviews.

6 A series of roundtable discussions will be held to review and discuss these papers. Participants include governments from the Member States, experts who have researched UN operations, peacekeepers, and members of civil society (Osland and Peter, 2021). The main objective is to write a paper that reflects current thinking on the state of peacekeeping and offers policy recommendations. When considering the Future of peacekeeping and the factors that may influence it, the strengths and challenges of peacekeeping and current and future global trends are considered (United Nations Peacekeeping, 2022). The UN is also holding discussions with the general public, including concerned citizens and residents of nations hosting peacekeeping missions. According to the information above on strategies and initiatives that the UN has put up, it is clear that the MNC has great potential to promote peace sustainably in the Future.

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7 References Osland, K. M., & Peter, M. (2021). UN peace operations in a multipolar order: Building peace through the rule of law and bottom-up approaches. Contemporary Security Policy , 42 (2), 197-210. United Nations Peacekeeping, (2022), Future of peacekeeping

8 Q6. Which IR theory convinces you the most and why? (387 Words) Realism States, according to Realism, work solely to increase their power compared to other states. It has several provisions, as stated below (Duguri et al., 2022). First, power is the only thing that is certain in life because the outside world is hostile and dangerous. Second, a powerful state will always outlast and outperform a weaker foe. Military power is the most dependable and efficient form of power in this circumstance. Third, a state's main priority is to ensure its survival. As a result, the state must always seek to expand its power. The theory also states that no supreme authority can impose universal laws or penalize wrongdoing. Fourthly, moral behavior endangers Realism because it reduces a state's ability to defend itself. According to Realism, the international system forces nations to wage war and use military force. Leaders must not let morals dictate their foreign policy, even if they have them. Finally, international treaties and laws are only valid if states accept them. Politicians have been using Realism since the dawn of time. During the Cold War, most academics and politicians viewed international relations through a realist lens. Because neither side trusted the other, the United States and the Soviet Union sought allies to protect themselves and expand their political and military influence abroad; George W. Bush's administration also used Realism effectively (Powaski, 2019). Realism remains the dominant ideology in the modern world, and it convinces me for the reasons explained here. To begin, the most straightforward course of action is to view the world and international politics realistically. Second, because it best describes how each of our lives daily, Realism dominates how we influence international relations. Third, when political situations spiral out of control, putting people's lives, sovereignty, and power at risk, the realist theory serves as our last line

9 of defense. This is because, historically, we have relied on realist approaches, and because doing so gives us a sense of security, we do not hesitate to outline our world in this manner (Duguri et al., 2022) . Fourth, Realism identifies the United States as the world's current political hegemon. In conclusion, this justification does not attempt to minimize other prominent theories. It is necessary to supplement the vast field of international relations to complete the picture and arrive at an accurate and convincing understanding of international politics.

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10 References Auguri. S., Hassan, I., & Ibrahim, Y. K. (2022). International Relations, Realism, and Liberalism: A Theoretical Review. International Journal of Social and Humanities Extension (IJSHE) , 1-6. Powaski, R. E. (2019). George W. Bush, Realism and Neoconservatism, 2001– 2009. In Ideas, Interests, and US Foreign Policy from George HW Bush to Donald Trump (pp. 103-156). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

11 Q7. President Putin argued that whichever country “becomes the leader in the area of Artificial Intelligence will become the ruler of the world” (2017). Discuss. (367 Words) Russia's president, Vladimir Putin, has joined the international debate on the advancement of artificial intelligence. Putin predicted that whichever country advances AI research first will rule the world. The Future of Russia and humanity is artificial intelligence, which offers enormous opportunities and unpredictable threats. The person in charge of this area will rule over the entire planet. It provides enormous opportunities and poses significant risks (Putin, 2017). The development of artificial intelligence has recently raised questions about national security. The two front- runners are widely acknowledged to be China and the United States; China recently declared its intention to dominate AI research globally by 2030. (Kozyulin and Center, 2019). Numerous analysts were concerned that America would fall behind, particularly in light of the Trump administration's plans which were to reduce funding for basic science and technology research. Although artificial intelligence (AI) technology is expected to benefit economies in various sectors ranging from heavy industry to medical research, it will be helpful in warfare (Kozyulin and Center, 2019). Artificial intelligence can create cyber weapons and self-driving tools like drone swarms and fleets of low-cost quadcopters with a shared "brain" that can be used for surveillance and enemy attack. This technology is currently being researched in China and the United States. Putin also predicted the use of drones in future international conflicts. If the other party's drones destroy their drones, one party will be forced to submit. Elon Musk and 116 other tech pioneers recently petitioned the United Nations to impose new limits

12 on the amount of AI weapons development. After the invention of gunpowder and nuclear weapons, the group claimed that introducing autonomous technology would lead to a third world war. However, a winner-take-all scenario is not required in an AI arms race. Putin stated that Russia does not want any nation to "monopolize" the market and that if they become experts in this field, they will share their knowledge with the rest of the world as we do with nuclear technologies today (Putin, 2017). AI experts such as Elon Musk predicted that AI would one day surpass humans and rule the world ( Kozyulin and Center, 2019 ) . He predicted that by 2025, artificial intelligence would outperform humans in intelligence.

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13 References Kozyulin, V., & Center, P. I. R. (2019). Militarization of AI. Russian Center for Policy Research . Putin says the nation that leads in AI 'will be the ruler of the world (2017)

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