Lab #5 Report

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School

Florida International University *

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Course

2048

Subject

Physics

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

pdf

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Uploaded by AdmiralFlowerSardine36

Isabel Ruiz 6356344 Jonathan Fernandez 6207792 Orlando Haya-Cuan 6309952 Lab Report #5 Preliminary Questions Use a tennis ball and a flexible ruler to investigate these questions. 1. Apply a small amount of force to the ball by pushing the flat end of the ruler against the ball. Maintain a constant bend in the ruler. You may need a lot of clear space, and you may need to move with the ruler. Does the ball move with a constant speed? The tennis ball will begin to move when a small amount of force is given using a constantly bent flexible ruler. The ball may initially move at a steady speed if all other factors (such as the ruler's bend and external circumstances) remain constant. The ball will eventually come to a stop because of external forces like surface friction, which will cause its speed to drop. As a result, the ball does not move continuously for a long time. 2. Apply a larger force and keep a constant larger bend in the ruler. Does the ball move with a constant speed? The tennis ball will move with a faster beginning speed when a higher force is given to it using a ruler that has been significantly bent. Similar to the preceding situation, if nothing changes, the ball may move for a brief period of time at a pretty steady speed. However, the speed will gradually decrease as a result of outside causes like friction. Therefore, even with a greater power, the ball cannot continue to move at a constant speed forever. 3. What is the difference between the movement when a small force is applied versus a large force? The initial speed of the ball is the main factor that affects how the movements behave when a small force is applied vs. a large force. Compared to a smaller force, a bigger force causes the ball to move at a faster beginning speed. In either case, the ball will eventually slow down and come to a stop as a result of external influences like friction. However, because of its higher initial speed, the ball that is subjected to the greater force usually travels farther in less time. Procedure Check out a weight set consisting of one 50 g mass and five 20 g masses. Part 1 Trial I 1. Set up the sensors and Logger Pro for data collection.Using Dual-Range Force Sensor and Acceleromete. a. Set the range switch on the Dual-Range Force Sensor to 10N. b. Attach the Force Sensor to a Dynamics Cart so you can apply a horizontal force to the hook, directed along the sensitive axis of the sensor (see Figure 5.3).

c. Attach the Accelerometer so the arrow is horizontal and parallel to the direction that the cart will roll. Orient the arrow so that if you pull on the Force Sensor the cart will move in the direction of the arrow. d. Use a scale (in lab) to measure the mass of the cart with the Force Sensor and Accelerometer attached. Record the mass in the data table. e. Connect the Force Sensor and Accelerometer to the Vernier computer interface. f. Open the file "09 Newtons Second Law" from the Physics with Vernier folder. 2. Open the file “09 Newtons Second Law” from the Physics and Vernier folder. 3. To zero the sensors, place the cart on the Dynamics Track on a level surface. Verify the cart is not moving and click [8 Zero. Check that both Accelerometer and Force are selected and click 4. You are now ready to collect force and acceleration data. Grasp the Force Sensor or WDSS hook. Click I Collect and roll the cart back and forth along the track covering a distance of about 20 cm. Vary the motion so that both small and large forces are applied. Your hand must touch only the hook and not the sensors or cart body. Only apply force along the track so that no frictional forces are introduced. 5. Note the shape of the force vs. time and acceleration vs. time graphs. How are the graphs similar? How are they different? The graphs look almost identical to each other. As the force increases so does the acceleration and as the force decreases so does the acceleration. The graphs a very similar in that they have positive and negative slopes at the same intervals. 6. Click Examine, Ed, and move the mouse across the force vs. time graph. When the force is maximum, is the acceleration maximum or minimum? To turn off Examine mode, click Examine, , again. When the force is at a maximum the acceleration is also a maximum. When the force is at a minimum the acceleration is also at a minimum. 7. The graph of force vs. acceleration should appear to be a straight line. To fit a straight line to the data, click the graph, then click Linear Fit, Yo. Record the equation for the regression line in the data table, Table 5. 1. 8. Print or sketch copies of each graph. NOTE When printing graphs, save the trees by selecting only the pages that you really want to print. Trial II 9. Attach four 125 g masses to the cart. Record the total mass of the cart, sensors, and additional mass in the data table, Table 5.2. 10. Repeat Steps 4-8. Part 2 a) Constant Cart Mass and Changing Hanging Weight 1. To investigate the effect of a constant force acting on the cart, set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 5.5. The cart should still have the four 125 g masses attached. The string should belong enough that the cart can run approximately the full length of the track. Make sure there is an "end stop" to prevent the cart running into the pulley.

2. Before attaching a hanging mass, clear the data and set the sensors to zero. This should be done before every subsequent measurement. 3. Starting with a hanging mass of 0.05 kg, start data collection while holding the cart stationary for about 1 second, then let go the cart. 4. Select appropriate parts of the Force graph and Acceleration graph, click the Statistics button to find their average values, then evaluate F/a and record the value in Table 5.3. 5. Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for the other hanging masses shown in Table 5.3 6. Open the Logger Pro file "Table 3" from folder Lab 05. Click on page 2 and input the values of Fla and the hanging mass from Table 5.3, then create a graph of F/a versus hanging mass. b) Constant Hanging Mass and Changing Cart Mass 7. Open the Logger Pro file "Table 4" from folder Lab 05. For each of the added cart masses shown in Table 5.4, and keeping the hanging mass at 0.1 kg, perform the steps necessary to obtain a graph of F/a versus the total cart mass (cart plus added masses). Analysis Part 1 1. Are the net force on an object and the acceleration of the object directly proportional? Explain, using experimental data to support your answer. According to the experiment, the force vs. acceleration graph is linear, suggesting that the relationship between net force and acceleration is direct proportionality. Newton’s second law of motion supports this: F = m x a Where F is the force applied in Newtons (N), m is the mass in kilograms (kg) and a is the acceleration in m/s2. The straight line confirms this. 2. What are the units of the slope of the force vs. acceleration graph? Simplify the units of the slope to fundamental units (m, kg, s). The slope of the force vs. acceleration graph will have the units of mass. Given F = m x a We can say m = F / a So when dividing Force by acceleration, we divide the units N / m/s2 which gives a result in kg by definition. 3. For each trial, compare the slope of the regression line to the mass being accelerated. What does the slope represent? The mass of the cart being accelerated is indicated by the slope of the regression line. Since the formula for the relationship between force and acceleration is F = m x a, the mass m will act as the line's slope (or coefficient) on a graph. If the experiment is carried out correctly, the slope ought to be roughly equal to the cart's total mass for each trial.

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4. Write a general equation that relates all three variables: force, mass, and acceleration. Force = mass x acceleration PART 1 Table 5.1: Trial I Mass of cart with sensors (kg) 0.37 kg Regression line for force vs. acceleration data Y = 0.3435x + 0.0018 Table 5.2: Trial II Mass of cart with sensors and additional mass (kg) 0.87 g Regression line for force vs. acceleration data Y = 0.8247x + 0.04 Part 2 Table 5.3 Trial F/a (Ns2/m) Hanging mass (kg) 1 0.2208 / 0.4240 = 0.521 0.05 2 0.3989 / 0.5159 = 0.773 0.07

3 0.5608 / 0.7554 = 0.742 0.09 4 0.5954 / 0.9614 = 0.62 0.110 5 0.8616 / 1.126 = 0.765 0.130 6 1.084 / 1.288 = 0.842 0.150 7 1.236 / 1.446 = 0.855 0.170 Mass of cart = 0.37 kg

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