PHYS130 Simple Pendulum Lab - STUDENT VERSION-3

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Siena College *

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Apr 3, 2024

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Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab Purpose 1. Investigate the relationship between: A. the period of a pendulum and the mass of the object at the end of the pendulum. B. the period of a pendulum and the amplitude (the maximum angle to which the object swings up to). C. the period of a pendulum and the length of the string. 2. Design and assemble your own experiment and procedure. 3. Engage with the ideas of uncertainties in measurements and experiments. Experimentation Available equipment: ● Hanging masses ● Small spherical objects ● String ● Scissors ● Tape ● Clamps ● Support structures ● Meter sticks ● Stop watches ● Scales ● Any other equipment you request that can be provided by your instructor Suggested Experimental Approaches You will determine what masses, amplitudes (angles), and lengths of string you will use to determine the dependence or independence of the period on each of these physical quantities. In order to investigate if there is a relationship between the previously mentioned physical quantities, think about what data you would want to collect. How would you graph and analyze this data in order to determine what relationship (if any) exists? Be sure to estimate the uncertainties in your measurements. Here is a helpful hint to determine the period for any single measurement. Use a stopwatch to record multiple cycles at once and then use that data to determine the period of a single cycle. For example, if you let the pendulum swing back and forth for 4 complete cycles and measure 8 seconds for those 4 swings, you would say that the period of 1 cycle is 2 seconds (8 seconds/4 cycles). Before beginning to take data, you should determine the maximum number of cycles you can record for each data-taking period while still having the amplitude not change. For instance, the example above suggests using 4 full cycles when timing the swings. However, after enough cycles, friction (at the point where the string is connected to your support stand) and air resistance will slow down your 1

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab pendulum. You want to avoid this effect. You should try to determine whether or not friction is having an effect on your measurement. AMPLITUDE: You will determine what masses and lengths of string you will use to determine the dependence or independence of the period on amplitude. What mass should you choose for this experiment? Will it affect how easy or difficult it is to take data? Will it affect the uncertainties in your measurement of time? What about the length of the string? You should take measurements over a large range of angles from small to large. While the larger angles may be challenging, make sure you take measurements at multiple angles greater than 45° and out to 75° or 80°. How will you determine if certain angles are not appropriate to include in the data analysis of whether this physical quantity has an effect on the period of the pendulum? Use the following colab notebook to graph and analyze your data. Before editing, remember to make a copy of the file, first! https://colab.research.google.com/drive/ 1Sz9cFX4HY_H9MbuIuTH6VL3QlmcJWq1M?usp=sharing Experimental Procedure Planning In order to create your experimental procedure, discuss the following questions with your team members. Your discussion and responses to these questions will essentially become your team’s agreed upon experimental procedure. You may use this space to create a draft and/or notes of the procedure that you will compose in the lab write-up. 1. What are some quantities that you think would be useful to measure? Length of the string, the angle, the mass 2. How are you going to measure each quantity? What equipment do you need? Are there any other pieces of equipment that are not on the list above that you could benefit from using to perform your experiment? If so, please list them here and ask your instructor if they are available. A meterstick to measure the length, a string for the length and a scissors to cut it, a scale for the mass and a protractor for the angle 3. What does each team member need to physically do when your experimentation is taking place in order to correctly measure each quantity? 4. How do you think you will know if you performed your experiment well enough? Should you consider running your experiment multiple times? If so, why? 2

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab 5. Look back at the purpose of this experiment. What will you need to do after you collect your data (obtain the quantities you listed in question 1) in order to accomplish our goals? Name: _Rebecah Leonard _______________________________ Date: 10/11/23 Group Members: __Traevon Haddock, Jesse Crawford-Harris, Lilith Goodness____ Purpose. Briefly summarize, in your own words, the objective(s) of the experiment. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate B1 Is able to identify the phenomenon to be investigated No phenomenon is mentioned. The description of the phenomenon to be investigated is confusing, or it is not the phenomena of interest. The description of the phenomenon is vague or incomplete. The phenomenon to be investigated is clearly stated. The experiment's goals are to look at the relationships between a pendulum's period, amplitude, and string length, as well as the mass of the object at its end. Materials. Describe the equipment, materials, or instruments utilized. Describe how you used the equipment to make your measurements. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate B4 Is able to describe how to use available equipment to make measurements At least one of the chosen measurements cannot be made with the available equipment. All chosen measurements can be made, but no details are given about how it is done. All chosen measurements can be made, but the details of how it is done are vague or incomplete. All chosen measurements can be made and all details of how it is done are clearly provided. 3

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Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab Hanging masses, a timer, a ruler, scissors, support structures, scales, and clamps were among the tools utilized. The masses were measured with scales, the string was measured with a ruler, the duration was measured with a stopwatch, and the string was fastened to the support structure with clamps to allow the hanging mass to swing freely. Procedures. Describe your experimental procedure for each experiment in enough detail that another group could recreate your experiments EXACTLY -- not just do experiments similar to yours. For example (amongst other details), what did you use to record the times? What length of string did you use when you tested different masses? What mass did you use when you tested different lengths of string? How many times did you make each measurement? Why did you make the choices you did? State what you measured in your experiments as well as the independent and dependent variable(s) in each experiment. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate B2 Is able to design a reliable experiment that investigates the phenomenon The experiment does not investigate the phenomenon. The experiment may not yield any interesting patterns. Some important aspects of the phenomenon will not be observable. The experiment might yield interesting patterns relevant to the investigation of the phenomenon. B3 Is able to decide what parameters are to be measured and identify independent and dependent variables The parameters are irrelevant. Only some of the parameters are relevant. The parameters are relevant. However, independent and dependent variables are not identified. The parameters are relevant and independent and dependent variables are identified. Mass : 1. Slice a piece of string to .3m. 2. Join a .05kg draping mass to the furthest limit of the string with a bunch. 3. For the hanging mass to freely swing, set up a support structure on the table and attach a clamp to the side. 4

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab 4. Join the opposite finish of the line of the balancing mass to the brace 5. Utilize a stopwatch to determine how long it takes the hanging mass to complete two cycles. 6. Get a protractor and lift the draping mass until the string makes a 40 degrees point from the upward pivot. 7. Drop the hanging mass and begin the clock simultaneously and permit the balancing mass to make 2 cycles. 8. Divide the recorded time by two to obtain the period, which is the amount of time it takes for the hanging mass to complete one cycle, and stop the stopwatch after two cycles have passed. 9. For the same mass 10, record the period and repeat this process three times. To obtain the average period, calculate the average of the three trials and repeat the experiment with the 0.2 kg and 0.5 kg masses from the beginning. Amplitude : 1. Slice a piece of string to .9m. 2. Join a .05kg draping mass to the furthest limit of the string with a bunch. 3. For the hanging mass to freely swing, set up a support structure on the table and attach a clamp to the side. 4. Attach the hanging mass's opposite string end to clamp 15. Utilize a stopwatch to determine how long it takes the hanging mass to complete two cycles. 5. Get a protractor and lift the draping mass until the string makes a 40 degrees point from the upward pivot. 6. Drop the hanging mass and begin the clock simultaneously and permit the balancing mass to make 2 cycles. 5

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab 7. Divide the recorded time by two to obtain the period, which is the amount of time it takes for the hanging mass to complete one cycle, and stop the stopwatch after two cycles have passed. 8. For the same mass 20, record the period and repeat this procedure three times. To obtain the average period, calculate the average of the three trials and repeat the experiment from beginning to end by pulling the string at 60 and 80 degrees from the vertical axis, respectively . Length of String : 1. Slice 3 bits of string to 0.3m, 0.6m and 0.9m 2. Knot a hanging mass weighing 0.5 kg to the end of the 0.3 m string. 3. For the hanging mass to freely swing, set up a support structure on the table and attach a clamp to the side. 4. Join the opposite finish of the line of the balancing mass to the brace 5. Utilize a stopwatch to determine how long it takes the hanging mass to complete two cycles. 6. Get a protractor and lift the draping mass until the string makes a 40 degrees point from the upward pivot. 7. Drop the hanging mass and begin the clock simultaneously and permit the balancing mass to make 2 cycles. 8. Divide the recorded time by two to obtain the period, which is the amount of time it takes for the hanging mass to complete one cycle, and stop the stopwatch after two cycles have passed. 9. For the same mass 10, record the period and repeat this process three times. Work out the normal of the three paths to get the typical period and rehash the whole trial from the very start with the 0.6m and 0.9m strings. Data Tables. Record all of the data you collected in your experiment in neat, easy to understand tables with units included . Take into consideration the number of trials that your team thinks should be run. You should have a separate table for each experiment you run (i.e. period vs. mass, period vs. amplitude, and period vs. length). Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate G4 Is able to record Data are either Some important data All important data All important data 6

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Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab and represent data in a meaningful way absent or incomprehensible. are absent or incomprehensible. are present, but recorded in a way that requires some effort to comprehend. are present, organized, and recorded clearly. Graphs. To further analyze your data, include a separate graphical representation for each experiment you run (you should have at least 3 in total -- period vs. mass, period vs. amplitude, and period vs. length ) . For period vs. amplitude, you may find it helpful to produce 2 separate graphs -- one with all of your data and one with data for only certain angles. This can help serve as a visual indicator of how this relationship may change at certain angles. Remember to include a best-fit line for each of your data sets as this is an important step towards being able to analyze your data and finding relationships between the quantities being graphed. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate A11 Graph No graph is present. A graph is present but the axes are not labeled. There is no scale on the axes. The data points are connected. The graph is present and axes are labeled but the axes do not correspond to the independent and dependent variable or the scale is not accurate. The data points are not connected but there is no trendline. The graph has correctly labeled axes, the independent variable is along the horizontal axis, and the scale is accurate. The trendline is correct. 7

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab Data Tables. Record all of the data you collected in your experiment in neat, easy to understand tables with units included . Take into consideration the number of trials that your team thinks should be run. You should have a separate table for each experiment you run (i.e. period vs. mass, period vs. amplitude, and period vs. length). Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate G4 Is able to record Data are either Some important data All important data are All important 8

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab and represent data in a meaningful way absent or incomprehensible. are absent or incomprehensible. present, but recorded in a way that requires some effort to comprehend. data are present, organized, and recorded clearly. Graphs. To further analyze your data, include a separate graphical representation for each experiment you run (you should have at least 3 in total -- 9

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Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab period vs. mass, period vs. amplitude, and period vs. length ) . For period vs. amplitude, you may find it helpful to produce 2 separate graphs -- one with all of your data and one with data for only certain angles. This can help serve as a visual indicator of how this relationship may change at certain angles. Remember to include a best-fit line for each of your data sets as this is an important step towards being able to analyze your data and finding relationships between the quantities being graphed. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate A11 Graph No graph is present. A graph is present but the axes are not labeled. There is no scale on the axes. The data points are connected. The graph is present and axes are labeled but the axes do not correspond to the independent and dependent variable or the scale is not accurate. The data points are not connected but there is no trendline. The graph has correctly labeled axes, the independent variable is along the horizontal axis, and the scale is accurate. The trendline is correct. 10

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab 11

Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab Data Analysis. Identify any patterns in your data. What was your approach to analyzing the data? What relationships did you find between each of the independent variables and the dependent variable in each part of the lab? Reference your graphs and trendlines. What conclusions can you make based on the outcomes of your experiments? If you have studied this topic in your physics class, how do your conclusions relate to any mathematical representations that you have come across? Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate B7 Is able to identify a pattern in the data No attempt is made to search for a pattern The pattern described is irrelevant or inconsistent with the data The pattern has minor errors or omissions The patterns represent the relevant trend in the data G 5 Is able to analyze data appropriately No attempt is made to analyze the data. An attempt is made to analyze the data, but it is either seriously flawed or inappropriate. The analysis is appropriate, but it contains minor errors or omissions. The analysis is appropriate, complete, and correct. I discovered from the data that, in comparison to varying masses and amplitudes, the length of the string has a significant impact on the period. For instance, in the diagrams plotting average period versus mass and average period versus amplitude the best fit line through the information would be flat suggesting next to zero change in average period for various masses and various amplitudes. Anyway, in the chart plotting average period versus length of string you can see that typical period increments straightly as the length of the string increments. This is steady with what we are familiar the time of a pendulum. 2*pi x sqrt(L/g) is the formula for the period. L addresses the length of the string and is the main thing that can be controlled in this situation which would influence the period. From our information tables we can see that the period differed by hundredths of a 12

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Siena College - General Physics 130 Simple Pendulum Lab second for fluctuating mass and shifting sufficiency yet times of changing lengths expanded by something like 2 tenths of a second Uncertainties. What may have contributed to uncertainties in your measurements? Identify as many sources of experimental uncertainty as you can. Be sure to estimate the uncertainties in your measurements. Scientific Ability Missing Inadequate Needs Improvement Adequate G 1 Is able to identify sources of experimental uncertainty No attempt is made to identify experimental uncertainties. An attempt is made to identify experimental uncertainties, but most are missing, described vaguely, or incorrect. Most experimental uncertainties are correctly identified. All experimental uncertainties are correctly identified. The miss estimation of the period might have added to vulnerability in our estimations. Human mistake utilizing the stopwatch to impeccably begin the analysis when the pendulum falls and halting the stopwatch once the two cycles were finished might have caused slight variety in the periods since they are the very same in the preliminaries where the reliant variable shouldn't influence the period. 13

PHYS130 Simple Pendulum Lab - STUDENT VERSION-3

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