Copy of David Werner - HW 16-2B Polarization and t

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Physics 2 - Mr. Squires HW 16-2B Due Polarization and the Doppler Effect Answer the following: 1. Define: a. Polarization- the action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or partially to one direction. b. Malus’ Law- states that the intensity of plane-polarized light that passes through an analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of the polarizer and the transmission axes of the analyzer. 2. Why can’t longitudinal waves be polarized? Longitudinal waves cannot be plane polarised because the direction of vibration and direction of propagation are the same. Acoustic waves (sound waves ) in a gas or liquid do not have polarisation - but all of the electromagnetic waves do. When electromagnetic waves travel through space they do so at all orientations. 3. Describe a simple experiment that you could do to determine whether sunglasses are polarizing. Look at cars to see if theres a glare or reflection. They also have those pictures that turn colorful if they are polarized 4. Use the drawing at right to determine the direction that the polarizing axis of polarizing sunglasses should be oriented to reduce glare from the surface of a road: vertically or horizontally. Explain your answer. Its transvers waves so the direction should be perpendicular to that on its axis 5. Non-polarized light is incident on a polarizing filter. How much will the intensity of the polarized light coming out of the filter be reduced compared to the intensity of the non- polarized light? Explain When unpolarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity is reduced by a factor of ½. The transmitted light is polarized along the axis of the polarizer.

Physics 2 - Mr. Squires HW 16-2B Due Polarization and the Doppler Effect 6. 7. (Honors) As seen in the figure at right, you place an analyzer filter between two cross-polarized filters, such that the polarizing axis of the analyzer is not parallel to either of the two filters. You observe that some light passes through filter 2, though no light passed through filter 2 before you inserted the analyzer. Explain why this happened. If light is passed through two polarizing filters before arriving at a target, and both of the filters are oriented at 90° to each other, then no light will be received at the target. If a third filter is added between the first two, oriented at a 45° angle (as shown below), light will reach the target. A polarized filter does nothing except filter out light--it does not alter the light passing through in any way. 8. The speed of red light in air and water is 99.97% and 75%, respectively, of its speed in a vacuum. While the speed of red light may change in air or water, its frequency does not. Does the wavelength change? If so, how? Yes because if the speed changes but the frequency does not, the wavelengths have to also change, get shorter. 9. Astronomers have determined that our galaxy, the Milky Way, and a neighboring galaxy, Andromeda, are moving toward each other. a. Explain how the astronomers determined this. Because of the doppler effect (red orviolet change in color determines if the wavelength is getting smaller or longer so can determine if its coming near us or away) b. Can you develop an hypothesis on why the two galaxies are moving toward each other. A supermassive black hole

Physics 2 - Mr. Squires HW 16-2B Due Polarization and the Doppler Effect 10. If a distant galaxy were to emit light in the green region of the light spectrum, would the observed wavelength on earth shift toward the red region or the blue region of the light spectrum. Explain. It would probably shift to red because the universe is constantly expanding

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