Lab2E-fieldandPotential

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Lab 2: Charges, Fields and Potential Lines 1. Play with the simulation (Charges and Fields) and get oriented with all of the different options. This should help you understand the lab better. Activity 1 2. From the box at the bottom of the screen, drag a red +1 nC charge into the middle of the screen. 3. If not already selected: Select ‘Electric Field’. How does the brightness of the arrow relate to the strength of the field? What happens when you check/uncheck ‘Direction only’? Which way do the arrows point for a positive charge? The brighter the arrow the stronger the magnitude of the field. When direction is unchecked, the arrow indicates both the direction and magnitude of the field but when the arrow is checked, it only indicates the direction and not the magnitude. The arrows pointed outward for a positive charge. 4. Drag the red +1 nC charge back into the box at the bottom, and then drag a blue –1 nC charge onto the screen. Which way do the electric field arrows point for a negative charge? The electric field arrows pointed inwards. 5. Click on the yellow Sensor at the bottom and drag it across the electric field. What information do the Sensors show? The sensors show the direction of the EF and its value shows the angles and EF strength at a specific point. 6. What happens to the electric field as you move further from the charges? The EF becomes smaller in magnitude. 7. Take the blue Voltage meter (labeled ‘0.0 V’). What information does the voltmeter give? What information is given when you click on the pencil (you should have a green circle)? What does the green circle represent? (If you’re not sure, move on and come back to this later.) Voltmeter gives the electric potential. When you click the pencil, it shows the value of the voltage. The green circle represents the voltage at a specific point Activity 2 (If you want to reset the screen, click on the orange circle arrow in the bottom right corner. Do this before each activity) 8. How can you make a charge of +2q? How can you make a charge of -3q? Place 3 negative or 2 positive charges on each other to make a charge of +2q or -3q. 9. Determine what charges (magnitude and positive/negative) would give you the electric field lines shown below? (You may need to try different combinations to determine the magnitudes of each charge.)

Put -1nC on the right and +1nC on the left. 10. When you have two opposite but equal magnitude charges along a horizontal line (similar to the picture above), where is the electric field the greatest? Is there ever a point where the field will be zero? It is greatest near the charges. No there is never a point where the EF will be zero. 11. When you have two of the same charges along a horizontal line, where is the electric field the greatest? Is there ever a point where the field will be zero? It is greatest near the charges. Yes there is a point where the EF will be zero when the point between two charges is a null point. 12. Determine what charge/charges (magnitude and positive/negative) would give each the lines of equipotential shown below? (For each situation, turn the ‘Electric Field’ on and off to see how the electric field lines compare to the equipotential lines) a) b) A) +4nC B) -5nC

c) d) C) -2nC and +2nC D) +3nc on both 13. When you have two opposite but equal magnitude charges along a horizontal line (similar to the picture above), where is the potential the greatest? Is there ever a point where the potential will be zero? Yes, the potential is zero at the equipotential point. 14. When you have two of the same charges along a horizontal line, where is the potential the greatest? Is there ever a point where the potential will be zero? Potential is greatest at the point charges. There is no point where the potential will be zero. Activity 3 15. Make a long vertical line of positive charges by placing them very close together, similar to what’s shown to the right. How does the electric field change as you move around the line of charges? The value of the EF increases when the line is move from top to bottom and when moving bottom to top the value of the EF decreases.

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16. Make a long vertical line of negative charges 2 meter from the positive charges similar to what’s shown below. This is your parallel-plate capacitor. How does the strength of the electric field change between the two lines? How does the direction of the electric field change between the two plates? The strength of the EF between the two lines will become lesser as you move from positive plate to the negative plate. The direction of the EF will always be from the positive plate to the negative plate. 17. Place sensors at 3 different locations between the lines to get readings of the electric field, each at different distances from the lines. 18. Use the voltmeter to draw lines of equal potential at the locations of the three sensors by clicking on the pencil button on the voltmeter. When you have the voltmeter at each distance, click this button. Doing so will record the potential V and draw a green line on the screen. Include a screenshot of your capacitor with 3 sensors and 3 green lines/circles. 19. Fill in the table below for each of the locations. (In order to see the potentials, you may need to move the sensors.) Location Distance from positive plate (m) Electric field E (V/m) Potential V (V) 1 0.92 40.6 33.9 2 1.97 40.2 -32.0 3 2.15 13.5 2.3

Activity 4 20. Place six +1 nC charges on top of each other somewhere on the left side of the screen. (It can go anywhere, but there needs to be enough space to measure 8 m away.) 21. From the box at the bottom, drag a Sensor and place it 1 m to the right of your charge. This sensor measures the E field at the location of its placing. In the table at right, record the E field magnitude at a distance r of 1 m. Ignore the degrees. 22. Drag the Sensor to the other distances shown in the table, then record the E field measurements. 23. Drag your Sensor back and replace it in the box at the bottom of the screen. 24. Using the voltmeter, record the potential V by drawing a green line on the screen at each distance. Fill in the table at the far right. Include a screenshot with all of the green circles. r (m) E (V/m) 1 54.3 2 13.2 3 5.95 4 3.33 5 2.13 6 1.50 7 1.10 8 0.83 r (m) V (V) 1 54.17 2 26.52 3 17.9 4 13.41 5 10.69 6 8.99 7 7.69 8 6.71

25. Write the equation for the electric field at any distance r from a point charge q : 26. Write the equation for the potential at any distance r from a point charge q : 27. Using the table above, make a graph in Excel of electric field E and distance r to determine Coulomb’s constant k using the appropriate trendline. Hint: In Excel your trendline will not be straight – the equation for E(r) is not linear. You must ask Excel to apply a power trendline appropriate to your equation. This is called “curve fitting”. What power would you expect based on the equation? I expect a low value for the power based on the equation. 28. Insert the graph below and write down the k value that you found. Compare this value to the accepted value. Report your error as follows: K = m/q = -5.35/1.6*10^-19 = -3.34375*10^-19 Vm/C 29. Using the table above, make a graph in Excel of voltage V and distance r to determine the constant k again using the appropriate trendline. (The same hint as above applies, but the work will be slightly different because the equation is different.) 30. Insert the graph below and write down the k value that you found. Compare this value to the known value using percent error/difference.

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31. Remove the charges and place a positive charge in the center of the grid. Draw five equipotential circles with the potentials of 10 Volts, 8 Volts, 6 Volts, 4 Volts and 2 Volts. (It might be hard to get the precise values but try to get as close as you can). Take an electric field sensor and move it in a straight line, crossing the equipotential lines. Describe the relationship between the distance between the equipotential lines and the strength of the electric field. As the distance between the equipotential lines decreases, the electric field strength increases. This relationship is directly proportional. When the equipotential lines are closer together, the electric field is stronger. Conclusions: In conclusion, the charges have their own effect on the EF and its direction as in different activities it has been seen that we have done different findings in it and find out the electro potential and electric field strength at different points around the positive and negative charge. The different values in the readings have their own values which show the voltage across different points. The EF is established in a similar way when the charge is present. Positive and negative charges have its own values and their own direction of electric field strength. Charges establishes the EF when they exert force on each other.

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