Magnets and Electromagnets

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Dec 6, 2023

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PHET Magnets and Electromagnets Part I: 1. Select the simulation “Magnets and Electromagnets.” It is at this link PhET Simulation (colorado.edu) 2. Move the compass slowly along a semicircular path above the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. The white lead of the needle faces the South part of the magnet in a perpendicular way. The lead turns a 90-degree angle, being parallel to the magnet. When the compass faces the North part of the magnet, the needle turns 90 degrees in the same direction until the red lead is facing towards the North of the magnet. 3. What do you suppose the compass needles drawn all over the screen tell you? The magnetic field 4. How is the strength of the force/torque on the compass needle indicated? The faster the compass moves the greater the attraction force. 5. What are the similarities between the compass needle (magnetism) and a test charge (electricity)? The similarities between the compass and a test charge are that as like electric charges repel each other and opposite charges attract each other, like magnetic poles repel each other and opposite magnetic poles attract. 6. Move the compass along a semicircular path below the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. When moving the compass along a semicircular path below the bar magnet until it reached the opposite side of the bar magnet, the red needle faced the southern part of the magnet perpendicularly. The needle turns to 90 degrees, becoming parallel to the bar magnet. When the compass needle faces the northern part of the magnet, the needle turns 90 degrees in the same direction until the white part of the compass is also facing the northern direction of the magnet. 7. How many complete rotations does the compass needle make when the compass is moved once around the bar magnet? Two complete rotations
8. Click “flip polarity” and repeat the steps above after you’ve let the compass stabilize. Direction 9. Click on the electromagnet tab. Place the compass on the left side of the coil so that the compass center lies along the axis of the coil. (The y-component of the magnetic field is zero along the axis of the coil.) Direction 10. Move the compass along a semicircular path above the coil until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the coil. Describe what happens to the compass needle. After moving the compass along a semicircle path above the coil and placing it on the opposite side as the coil, the compass needle completed one revolution while traveling over the top of the electromagnet. After it is placed on the opposite side, the needle end pointing in the same direction as it was at its starting point. 11. Move the compass along a semicircular path below the coil until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the coil. Describe what happens to the compass needle. After moving the compass along a semicircle path below the coil and placing it on the opposite side as the coil, the compass needle completed one revolution. Compass ends up in a line with the direction of the magnet. 12. How many complete rotations does the compass needle make when the compass is moved once around the coil? The compass needle made two full rotations when it moved once around the coil, one rotation when passed above the coil and another rotation when passed below the coil. 13. Use the voltage slider to change the direction of the current and repeat the steps above for the coil after you’ve let the compass stabilize. directions 14. Based on your observations, summarize the similarities between the bar magnet and the coil. In terms of a small loop, they are similar to each other in a way that the magnetic field lines are in close relation to the bar magnet, this is seen through it forming a closed loop. 15. What happens to the current in the coil when you set the voltage of the battery to zero? When the voltage is zero, current will also be zero and as a result, there will be no magnetic field.
16. What happens to the magnetic field around the coil when you set the voltage of the battery to zero? If the voltage of the battery is set to zero, then the magnetic field around the coil will not exist since there is no current in the coil. 17. Play with the voltage slider and describe what happens to the current in the coil and the magnetic field around the coil. When playing with the voltage slider and moving it to the right, the current would flow counterclockwise and as the voltage slider was moved to the left, the current flowed clockwise. Hence, the current flowed in the direction that the slider was being moved. 18. What is your guess as to the relationship between the current in the coil and the magnetic field? The stronger the current is, the stronger the magnetic field will be and the slower the current is, then the weaker the magnetic field will be. Part II – Graphing relationships. Field Strength vs. Position 1. Using the Electromagnet simulation, click on “Show Field Meter.” 2. Set the battery voltage to 10V where the positive is on the right of the battery. 3. Along the axis of the coil and at the center of each compass needle starting 5 to the left of the coil, record the value of B. Move one compass needle to the right and record the value of B. Repeat until you’ve completed the table below. NOTE: Be sure to take all of your values along the axis of the coil. You’ll know you’re on the axis because the y component of the magnetic field is zero along the axis. Compass position (arbitrary units) Magnetic Field Strength (fill in units) -5 1.00 -4 1.96 -3 4.50 -2 14.00 -1 95.81 0 300.00 1 198.21 2 19.63 3 5.40 4 2.25 5 1.18 4. What happens to the value of magnetic field strength inside the coil?
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Inside the coil the value is a constant 300 G because that is the maximum strength of the magnetic field which is found inside the coil. 5. Graph the compass position on the horizontal axis and magnetic field magnitude on the y axis. Print your graph. Make sure to label the axes and title the graph. a. Is your graph symmetric? It is very close but not quite. Reason why is because there is a slight stronger pull on the positive side of the magnetic field 6. Using your graph, what is the relationship between magnetic field strength and position? (Use the fit feature of graphical analysis to help you.) The closer to the coil, the stronger the magnetic field is. The strongest the field can be is at the center of the coil. As you move away from the coil, the weaker the field is. Part III – Using the simulation to design an experiment. Field Strength vs. Number of Coils 1. Design an experiment to test how field strength varies with the number of coils. 2. Collect data in a table and graph your results. # of coil magnetic field strength (G) 1 75.00 2 150.00 3 225.00 4 300.00 Results are as expected that as more coils are added the strength at the center of the coil increases Field Strength vs. Current 3. Design an experiment to test how field strength varies with the Current. (Recall that voltage is directly proportional to current….Ohm’s Law.) The larger the voltage is the more current flows through and so the stronger the magnetic field is. 4. Collect data in a table and graph your results. Voltage magnetic field strength (G) 0 0.00 2 60.00 4 120.00 6 180.00 8 240.00 10 300.00
Results are as expected and an exact trend shows up that for every volt added the magnetic field increases by 30 G. Part IV 1. Test your predictions from part III using the electromagnet built in class and the Logger Pro sensor. 2. Were your predictions correct? Explain.

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