Lab07_SnellsLaw

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Physics

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Dec 6, 2023

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Physics 2 Lab Name: __________________________ Group: ________ Lab 07 – Laws of Reflection & Refraction Goals: Observe and verify the laws of reflection and refraction Determine the index of refraction of an unknown material Determine the critical angle for total internal reflection. What you need to know before coming to lab: Snell’s Law of Refraction: ࠵? ! sin ࠵? ! = ࠵? " sin ࠵? " Law of reflection: ࠵? # = ࠵? ! Turn in the following before you leave lab: Each group member will turn in this handout with their answers to each part/question. The group will turn in the following on eLearning: o Screenshot of your graph from PASCO using the naming convention Lab07_GroupYY.png where YY is your 2-digit group number.
Physics 2 Lab Lab 07 2 Part 1: Background When light reaches a boundary between materials, some light passes through into the new material and the rest bounces off the interface. Refraction is the bending of the path of light when it passes from one material to another and reflection is the bouncing of light off of a boundary. The most common explanation of refraction includes the wave theory of light: Imagine a ray of light traveling through air. When this ray strikes the surface of a piece of glass at an angle, one side of the wave front enters the glass before the other and it slows down, while the other side continues to move at its original speed until it too reaches the glass. As a result, the light ray bends inside the glass. The amount at which a medium (like glass) can slow a light ray down is based on the medium's index of refraction ࠵? . If a medium has a high index of refraction (like glass, ࠵? ∼ 1.4 ), light will travel slower through it. If a medium has an index of refraction close to 1 (like air, ࠵? ∼ 1 ) light will travel faster through it. In addition to the indexes of refraction, the angle at which a light bends when traveling from one medium to another is affected by the angle of the original light ray is incident. The relationship between the incoming or incident light ray and the refracted ray is known as Snell’s Law ࠵? ! sin ࠵? ! = ࠵? " sin ࠵? " where ࠵? ! is the index of refraction of the first (incident) medium, ࠵? " is the index of refraction of the second medium, and ࠵? ! and ࠵? " are the incident and refracted angles, respectively. All angles are measured from a line perpendicular to the surface of the boundary where the incoming light hits called the normal line. When light bounces off a boundary, part of the light reflects off the boundary. This reflected ray always bounces off at the same angle as the incident ray. This law of reflection is simply ࠵? # = ࠵? ! where ࠵? # is the reflected angle and ࠵? ! is the incoming or incident angle. ࠵? ! ࠵? " ࠵? # Incident Ray Reflected Ray Refracted Ray ࠵? ! ࠵? " Figure 1: Reflection & Refraction Normal Line
Physics 2 Lab Lab 07 3 Part 2: Experiment Part 2.1: Setup 1. Place the basic optics light source flat on the lab table and rotate the knob on the front of the source to produce a single ray of light as shown in the figure to the right. 2. Place the basic optics ray table on the lab bench just in front of the light source with the light ray passing through the center of the ray table. 3. Rotate the top of the optics ray table so that the light ray is aligned with the mark on the table top. This is called the normal line. 4. Place the D-shaped acrylic lens in the center of the table with the frosted side down. Adjust its position so it fits within the lens outline on the tabletop. Part 2.2: Refraction 1. With the equipment setup you should see the light passing through the lens. If you adjust the angle that the light hits the lens, you will see the light change direction due to refraction within the glass. 2. If you look carefully, you’ll notice that the direction of the light ray does not change when it leaves the glass even though ࠵? ! ≠ ࠵? " . Explain why this happens. 3. In the PASCO Capstone software, create Table 1 by using Create User-Entered Data in both columns. Fill in the values shown in the first column. Table 1: Refractive Angles for D-Shaped Lens Incident Angle ࠵? ! ( ° ) Refraction Angle ࠵? " ( ° ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Figure 2: Setup
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Physics 2 Lab Lab 07 4 4. Set the incident angle to by rotating the top of the basic optics ray table. Make certain that the light ray hits the flat surface of the lens at its center. 5. Observe the refracted ray of light and record the refraction angle in Table 1. 6. Repeat the same procedure for each incident angle in Table 1. Record all measurements into Table 1 and make certain that the light ray hits the flat surface of the lens at its center for all measurements. The lights will be off for this portion of the lab as the measurements will be easiest to do in the dark. 7. In the Capstone calculator, create the following equations (both are unitless): sin ࠵? ! = sin([Incident Angle, ࠵? ! (°)]) sin ࠵? " = sin([Refraction Angle, ࠵? " (°)]) When you do so, make sure that you have degrees selected before you click the sin function in the calculator AND make sure that you select the units of your data to be in degrees. 8. Create a graph with sin ࠵? ! on the vertical axis and sin ࠵? " on the horizontal axis. Turn off the connected lines in the graph properties. What is the meaning of the slope on graph? 9. Use a curve fit to help determine a value for the index of refraction for the acrylic lens ( ࠵? " ). Assume that the index of refraction for air ( ࠵? ! ) is 1. Record the experimental value of ࠵? ࠵? with uncertainty. 10. If acrylic glass has a theoretical index of refraction of 1.49, what is the percent error on your experimental value? %Error = |Actual − Experimental| Actual × 100% 11. What caused error in your measurements and how could these have been avoided? Figure 2: Measuring the refraction angle
Physics 2 Lab Lab 07 5 Part 2.3: Reflection & Total Internal Reflection 1. In the previous part of this lab, you had light incident on the flat end of the lens with the frosted side down. As you adjust the angle of the incoming ray, you should be able to see a faint reflected ray. If you look at the brightness of the refracted and reflected rays, both are dimmer than the incident ray. Why do you think these rays are not as bright? 2. Adjust the optics ray table so that the incoming light hits the curved surface. Align the light ray with the mark. 3. Rotate the table so that the incident angle increases. Does the reflected angle follow ࠵? ࠵? = ࠵? ࠵? ? If it does not, what errors could be causing the discrepancy? 4. As you increase the incident angle, the refracted angle increases until there is no refracted ray and all light is reflected. This is called total internal reflection. Adjust the optics ray table until you find the angle where this occurs. This is known as the critical angle. Record it in the space below. 5. Describe what happens to the brightness of the reflected ray as you approach and pass the critical angle. 6. Make sure you disconnect the power supply from the light box when you are done. 7. To find the theoretical critical angle, we use Snell’s law. Right at the critical angle the refracted ray would travel parallel to the surface, meaning the reflected angle would be ࠵? " = 90° . Use Snell’s law to determine the theoretical critical angle. 8. What is the percent error in your experimental value? %Error = |Actual − Experimental| Actual × 100%