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Dec 6, 2023

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Rachel Shimberg Sep 20, 2023 Physics 182B 1. Identify the concepts that are most relevant to this week’s lab. Start by thinking about any laws, theories, equations, or physical phenomenon. If there are equations that are important during the week’s lab, write them down and discuss what they mean. Use the lab manual as a resource, but don’t just copy down what is written in the theory section. You are free to use the internet to gather additional information to help in discussing the Theory. The concepts of this week's lab mainly included charges, conductors, and polarization. We were focusing on electric charge which is a fundamental property of nature, with two types: positive charge carried by protons and negative charge carried by electrons, both having equal magnitudes. Most objects are electrically neutral due to an equal number of protons and electrons. Objects become positively charged with an excess of protons and negatively charged with an excess of electrons, disrupting their neutral charge balance. Within electric charge, there is a law in physics called conservation of charge which states that the total electric charge in a closed system remains constant over time. This principle means that electric charge cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred between objects. Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force between two charged objects which means that the force between two charged things gets stronger when their charges are bigger and weaker when they are farther apart. If the charges are opposite, they attract; if they're the same, they repel. Conductors are materials that allow easy flow of electric charge through them, insulators on the other hand are materials that do not allow easy flow of electric charge. An example of a conductor would be metal and an example would be rubber or plastic. Lastly, the main concept was Polarization, which I like to think of as making tiny magnets in a substance in the same direction when you put it near an electric field. It creates positive and negative areas in the material and acts as a battery. 2. Identify the experimental parameters and their connection to the laws, theories, equations you described previously. Experimental parameters include independent/dependent variables, measurements taken during the experiment, observations during tests. Essentially, what did you physically do during the lab? And how does it connect back to the principles of the lab? In the lab, we used an electrometer to measure differences in voltage related to small electric charges. This experiment used voltage as the independent variable and paddles as the dependent variable. Our observations and measurements included the voltages of different disks and the electrometer at various moments and with different charges. We took note of the values that corresponded with the electrometer in 3 separate runs as well as reading throughout the a
procedure. These experimental components align with the fundamental principles of the lab, which involve utilizing specialized equipment to quantify electric charges and directly observe their interactions. We explored three different methods of charging: induction, friction, and contact, to see which method works best for our experiment These various approaches to generating electrostatic charge deepened our understanding of electron motion. In addition, by touching both rings of the cylinder, we gained a deeper understanding of grounding. Since almost all experiments involving electric charges require some grounding, understanding grounding is crucial in physics. 3. Identify some of the simplifications, limitations, assumptions, that are associated with the concepts you discussed above. Discuss the experimental error that comes with the lab and how it affects your measurements. For example, what were some things that made the measurements you made deviate from the theory you expected? Higher humidity levels in the laboratory might impact the experiment because they can promote charge leakage through air ionization. When humidity is elevated, there's more moisture in the air, which acts as a conductor for electric charge. This could potentially reduce the accumulation of charge on the paddles, affecting the measurements. Additionally, the experiment might be prone to errors due to the ice pail not being a closed system; its open top allows air to circulate, which could result in the dissipation of charge. In summary, fluctuations in humidity and air movements could introduce inaccuracies in the lab's charge-related measurements. 4. Summarize your thoughts from the first 3 questions. Answer the question of, “Why did I measure a specific parameter in a particular way?” What was the ultimate goal(s) of the lab? Connect at least one aspect of the lab to a scenario outside of the lab (real-life application). Finally, what troubles did you run into the lab (if none, then just say that)? The primary aim of the laboratory work was to gain insights into the effects of different static charges. Since these electrostatic charges cannot be seen with the naked eye, the objective was to measure and compare the charges on specific paddles using an ice pail and a known reference object. This approach allowed us to create a tangible and measurable effect in the lab. The static charge has practical applications in various real-world scenarios. For instance, laserjet printers utilize static charge to attract toner particles to specific charged areas on a drum or belt, enabling precise printing. In agriculture and painting, a static charge is employed to evenly distribute liquid sprays for pesticides or paints. During the lab experiment, we encountered several challenges. One of these challenges was ensuring that the ice pails were properly zeroed, as any inaccuracies in this step could introduce measurement offsets. Additionally, environmental factors like humidity and air currents could have led to measurement errors, as discussed earlier. We also faced difficulties in consistently rubbing the paddles and effectively inducing a charge onto another paddle.
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