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Dec 6, 2023

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Rachel Shimberg Physics 182B October 10, 2023 CQ Kirchoff’s Circuit Laws 1. Identify the concepts that are most relevant to this week’s lab. Start by thinking about any laws, theories, equations, or physical phenomena. If there are equations that are important during the week’s lab, write them down and discuss what they mean. Use the lab manual as a resource, but don’t just copy down what is written in the theory section. You are free to use the internet to gather additional information to help in discussing the theory. This lab explores Kirchhoff's Circuit Laws, which are fundamental for any circuit analysis. The first law, known as the junction rule, originated from the Conservation of Charge. According to this rule, the total current at a point is zero because the current flowing in is considered positive, while the current flowing out is negative, resulting in cancellation. This principle is mathematically expressed as Σ￿ = 0. The Conservation of Charge, from which the junction rule is derived, highlights the concept that the incoming current at a junction equals the outgoing current. Kirchhoff's second law is the Loop Rule, which states the sum of voltage drops in any closed loop or circuit is zero, as represented by Σ￿ = 0. This rule is shown in the Conservation of Energy, stating that the power supply must perform work to shift charges between potentials. The work is then depleted through resistors as heat. It is necessary for the supply voltage to correspond to the voltage lost across the resistors since the power supply does the same amount of work as the resistors. 2. Identify the experimental parameters and their connection to the laws, theories, equations you described previously. Experimental parameters include independent/dependent variables, measurements taken during the experiment, and observations during tests. Essentially, what did you physically do during the lab? And how does it connect back to the principles of the lab? In this week's lab, we confirmed Kirchhoff’s Laws in a resistive circuit using a DC input. The software, PASCO, allows us to collect voltage and current measurements at various test points by adjusting the probe within the circuit. PASCO's calculator function demonstrated its handyness as we input equations to obtain average current measurements. To assess Kirchhoff’s Current Law, we saw how the currents in parallel circuit branches compared to the software- supplied current. Placing a current probe between two resistors served to represent the total branch current, given that currents in a series branch are identical. We noted the data gathered during the lab aligned accurately with the theory. There was a fixed voltage of 5, and our experimental voltage was 4.969. This shows that it was really close and validates the principle that the sum of voltage drops must equate to zero. m
3. Identify some of the simplifications, limitations, assumptions, that are associated with the concepts you discussed above. Discuss the experimental error that comes with the lab and how it affects your measurements. For example, what were some things that made the measurements you made deviate from the theory you expected? The PASCO interface was crucial in Kirchhoff's Circuit Laws lab, but it had limitations in achieving the expected values. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is due to inherent resistance in wires connected to the PASCO interface, which leads to differences in current from theoretical predictions. It is important to know that the computer while being essential to the measurement process, may not detect extra resistance in the probes. A significant source of error is the contact resistance within the current probe, which contributes to overall measurement errors. Electric circuit analysis faces many challenges in achieving perfect alignment between theoretical expectations and experimental observations. 4. Summarize your thoughts from the first 3 questions. Answer the question of, “Why did I measure a specific parameter in a particular way?” What was the ultimate goal(s) of the lab? Connect at least one aspect of the lab to a scenario outside of the lab (real-life application). Finally, what troubles did you run into the lab (if none, then just say that)? In this week's experiment, we utilized PASCO to measure experimental variables due to the accessibility of accurate and precise current and voltage readings in a circuit. These measurements allowed us to explore the practical application of the Loop Rule and Junction Rule in real-life applications, particularly in analyzing current and voltage within both series and parallel circuits. A great example of this extends beyond the laboratory and is shown in everyday situations such as the operation of a light switch. Unfortunately this week our lab group encountered technical difficulties, leading to a system crash. Several attempts to reboot the computer were made, however, that was no help and couldn't be resolved. However, we were able to obtain the data needed by collaborating with another group.
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