Lab 10 - Ideal Gas thermodynamics Lab

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Lone Star College Physics 1401 Name: Muhammad Almuhammad______________________ Date: _11/24/2023________ Lab 10 – Ideal Gas Thermodynamics Lab Objectives To understand the ideal gas law, internal energy and the first law of thermodynamics. Procedure Set-Up • Go to the PhET simulation https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties • Click on the “+” sign next to “Particles” in the lower right corner. • On the pressure gauge, use the drop -down menu to read the pressure in kPa. Experiment 1: Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process 1. Under the words “Hold Constant”, select Volume. This will hold the system at constant volume. 2. Add 500 Heavy Particles to the box. 3. Let the particles move around for a little while to let the pressure equilibrate. Since the number of particles (only 500) is so small compared to realistic gas systems, the pressure will never fully equilibrate, but let it approach a stable value. This should take no longer than 30 seconds. 4. Below, record the pressure 𝑝 (in Pa, not kPa) (this will be an estimate since the pressure will never reach a true equilibrium) and temperature 𝑇 (in K) in the box. Call these values 𝑝𝑖 and 𝑇𝑖 . (Ans:4pts) 𝑝𝑖 = 6107 pa 𝑇𝑖 = 310 K 5. Use the ideal gas law to solve for the volume of the box (in m 3 ). Show your work below. (Note: because there are so few particles, the volume will be incredibly small!) Call this value ? . (Ans:4pts) pV= nRT = 291.077 m^3 ? =

2 6. Now, add heat to the system by dragging the slider in the bucket below the box to heat the gas. Do not keep the heat slider up for more than a few seconds or the pressure will become so large as to break the box. If you do break the box, reset the simulation (using the orange circle at the bottom right corner) and do steps 1-6 again. 7. Record the new (final) pressure and temperature below. (Ans:4pts) 𝑝𝑓 = 12972 Pa 𝑇𝑓 = 658 K 8. Assuming this is a monatomic gas, solve for the change in internal energy of the system from the initial state to the final state. Show your work below. (Ans:4pts) U= 3/2 NkT = 6.81523 x 10^18 J 9. Draw a 𝑝? diagram for this process. On the diagram, mark the initial and final pressure as well as the volume. (Ans:4pts) 10. How much work was done by the gas in this process? Show your work and/or explain. (Ans:4pts) 11. Solve for the value of heat added to the gas during this process. Show your work. (Ans:4pts)

3 Experiment 2: Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process 1. Reset the system using the orange circle at the bottom right corner. 2. Add 500 Heavy Particles to the box. 3. Under the words “Hold Constant”, select Pressure with the up and down arrow next to volume (the fourth option). This will hold the system at constant pressure while letting the volume change. 4. Below, record the pressure 𝑝 (in Pa, not kPa) and temperature 𝑇 (in K) in the box. Call these values 𝑝 and 𝑇𝑖 . (Ans:4pts) 𝑝 = 58.4 Pa 𝑇𝑖 = 300 Ka 5. Use the ideal gas law to solve for the initial volume of the box (in m 3 ). Show your work below. (Note: because there are so few particles, the volume will be incredibly small!) Call this value ?𝑖 . (Ans:4pts) pV= nRT = 0.2107638 m^3 ?𝑖 = 6. Now, add heat to the system by dragging the slider in the bucket below the box to heat the gas. Do not keep the heat slider up for more than a few seconds or the volume will become too large and you will get an error message. If this happens, reset the simulation and do steps 1-6 again.

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4 7. Record the new temperature below. (Ans:4pts) 𝑇 𝑓 = 451 K 8. Solve for the final volume of the box (in m 3 ). Show your work below. (Note: because there are so few particles, the volume will be incredibly small!) Call this value ? 𝑓 . (Ans:4pts) pV= nRT =0.316848 m^3 ? 𝑓 = 9. Assuming this is a monatomic gas, solve for the change in internal energy of the system from the initial state to the final state. Show your work below. (Ans:4pts) U= 3/2 NkT 10. Draw a 𝑝? diagram for this process. On the diagram, mark the initial and final volume as well as the pressure. (Ans:4pts) 11. How much work was done by the gas in this process? Show your work and/or explain. (Ans:4pts) 12. Solve for the value of heat added to the gas during this process. Show your work. (Ans:4pts)

5 Experiment 3: Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process 1. Reset the system using the orange circle at the bottom right corner. 2. Add 500 Heavy Particles to the box. 3. Under the words “Hold Constant”, select Temperature. This will hold the system at constant temperature. 4. Below, record the pressure 𝑝 (in Pa, not kPa) (this will be an estimate since the pressure will never reach a true equilibrium) and temperature 𝑇 (in K) in the box. Call these values 𝑝𝑖 and 𝑇 . (Ans:4pts) 𝑝 𝑖 = 𝑇 = 5. Use the ideal gas law to solve for the initial volume of the box (in m 3 ). Show your work below. (Note: because there are so few particles, the volume will be incredibly small!) Call this value ? 𝑖 . (Ans:4pts) ? 𝑖 = 6. Now, increase the volume by dragging the handle on the left side of the box. (We will imagine that this volume increase occurred because heat was added, not because you pulled the handle). 7. Record the new pressure below. (Ans:4pts) 𝑝 𝑓 = 8. Solve for the final volume of the box (in m 3 ). Show your work below. (Note: because there are so few particles, the volume will be incredibly small!) Call this value ? 𝑓 . (Ans:4pts)

6 ? 𝑓 = 9. Assuming this is a monatomic gas, solve for the change in internal energy of the system from the initial state to the final state. Explain and/or show your work! (Ans:4pts) 10. Draw a 𝑝? diagram for this isothermal process. On the diagram, mark the initial and final volume as well as the initial and final pressure. (Ans:4pts) 11. Recall that the work done by the gas in an isothermal process is ? = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ln ( ? 𝑓 / ? 𝑖 ). Solve for the work done by the gas in this process? Show your work. (Ans:4pts) 12. Solve for the value of heat added to the gas during this process (as stated before, ignore the fact that in the simulation, no heat was shown as being added). Show your work (Ans:4pts)

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