Lab Diffraction Anthony

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Dec 6, 2023

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Name Anthony Cervantes Date 11/10/2023 Class PHYSICS_011 Diffraction and Interference Purpose To study single slit diffraction and double slit interference patterns. Connections to What You Already Know About in Life Have you ever played with making waves in a bathtub or watched the waves on the beach? When a water wave runs into an obstacle, what happens? Diffraction patterns are really interesting effects that occur when waves interfere with each other. You can observe the same type of interference patterns with light waves or sound waves. Vocabulary Diffraction, interference Background It has long been known that if you shine light through narrow slits that are spaced at small intervals, the light will form a diffraction pattern. A diffraction pattern is a series of light and dark patterns caused by wave interference. The wave interference can be either constructive (light patterns) or destructive (dark patterns). In this experiment, you will shine a laser through a device with two slits where the spacing can be adjusted and investigate the patterns that will be made at a distance from the slits. Procedure 1. Start Virtual Physics and select Diffraction and Interference from the list of assignments. The lab will open in the Quantum laboratory. 2. A laser is used as the light source in this experiment because it has a single wavelength and you will not see diffraction patterns from other wavelengths interfering in the image. Look at the controller on the side of the laser to note the wavelength of the light. Record the wavelength in Question 1. 3. There is a device in the middle of the table that has two adjustable narrow openings to let the light through. Record the gap between the two different slits in Question 2. 4. Observe the current diffraction pattern and predict how the diffraction pattern will change as the wavelength changes in Question 3. 5. Change the wavelength to 600 nm. Observe the pattern displayed on the video camera screen as you change the wavelength from 700 nm to 300 nm by one-hundred nanometer increments. Record your observations in Question 4. 6. Now you will investigate other interference effects. Once we spread out the slits farther, we can start to see interference when waves passing through the two different slits interfere with each other. Change the wavelength of the laser to 500 nm and the slit spacing to 3 m. Record your observations in μ Question 5. pg. 1 - Diffraction and Interference © Beyond Labz , all rights reserved

Name Anthony Cervantes Date 11/10/2023 Class PHYSICS_011 7. Change the slit spacing to 1 m. Observe the pattern displayed on the video screen as you change the μ slit spacing from 1 m to 7 m by one-micrometer increments and record your observations of the μ μ pattern you observe in Question 6. 8. Return the slit spacing to 3 m. Increase the μ wavelength of the laser to 700 nm. Record your observations of how an increase in the wavelength changes the interference pattern in Question 7. 9. Change the intensity of the laser from 1 nW to 1 W. Observe the diffraction pattern and record your observations in Question 8. 10. Decrease the intensity on the laser to 1000 photons/second. Click on the Persist button on the video camera to look at individual photons coming through the slits. Observe for one minute. Decrease the intensity to 100 photons/second. Observe for another minute. At these lower intensities (1,000 and 100 photons/second), there is never a time when two photons go through both slits at the same time. Record your observations in Question 9. Questions 1. What is the wavelength of the laser? The wavelength of the laser is 700nm. 2. What is the spacing of the two slits on the two-slit device? How do the wavelength of the laser and the spacing of the slits compare? The slit spacing is 0.2um and the wavelength is smaller than the split spacing as observed in the lab. 3. How will the diffraction pattern change as the wavelength is made smaller and the slit spacing remains the same? As the wavelength is made smaller, the fringes produced will be closer together, which will result into having a shorter wavelength. 4. What can you state about the relationship between wavelength and diffraction pattern when the wavelength is greater than the obstacle? The more the wavelength, the more the diffraction, so in other words if the wavelength increases, the fringes produced get farther apart which results in a longer wavelength. 5. Describe what you observe when the slit spacing is changed. What is causing this effect? The fringes produced are brighter, as the central maximum in the diffraction pattern got narrower. An increase in slit spacing has the same effect as decreasing the wavelength generally. pg. 2 - Diffraction and Interference © Beyond Labz , all rights reserved

Name Anthony Cervantes Date 11/10/2023 Class PHYSICS_011 6. What can you state about the relationship between slit spacing and diffraction pattern? The relationship between slit spacing and the diffraction pattern is as the diffraction increases the slit spacing is reduced and as it also reduced when the spacing is increased. 7. What affect does an increase in the wavelength have on the interference pattern? The greater the wavelength, the more the diffraction and hence less interference will occur in the process. 8. Does the intensity of the light affect the diffraction pattern? No, the diffraction depends on the light wavelength and not its intensity, fringe intensity is only affected by the intensity of illumination. 9. What observations can you make about the individual photon pattern as compared to the pattern from the continuous beam of photons? The observations I made about the individual photon pattern compared to the continuous is that the pattern begins in sparse dots and continually grows into a fuller image while the continuous beam is always there and does not slowly fade in the picture. pg. 3 - Diffraction and Interference © Beyond Labz , all rights reserved

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