M3.2 Laboratory Report 4

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Oct 30, 2023

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M3.2 Laboratory Report 4 PHY2053L 9/24/2023 Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to explore the concept of Net Force and Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Specifically, this experiment aims to investigate the concept of Net Force and its relationship to Newton’s second law, determine how changes in the applied force affect the acceleration of an object, and determine how variations in mass affect the acceleration of an object. Introduction: The study of motion and the forces that govern it is a fundamental aspect of physics. Sir Isaac Newton’s second law of motion provides a crucial framework for understanding how objects move in response to the forces applied to them. Net force, the vector sum of all forces acting on an object, plays a central role in determining the object’s acceleration. In this experiment I will delve into the principles of Net Force and Newton’s second law. Procedure: Part I: Net Force 1. Tick the boxes “Sum of forces” and “Values” 2. Start by putting a small blue figure and a small red figure on the rope. Observe what the net force is. 3. Put another blue and again and observe the forces and the net force. 4. How can a get an equilibrium situation again? Give two possibilities. Place the necessary figures on both sides, take a screenshot of the simulator for each option you propose, and insert it in the lab report 5. Fill in the following table with the values of the forces (some boxes can have more than one possible correct answer). Place the figures you suggest on both sides, take a screenshot of the simulator for each option, and insert it in the table, as shown. Part I: Constant mass, Changing Force 1. Open the link again and choose the Motion tab:

2. You will see the simulation on “Motion” as shown below: 3. Keep all the items inside the yellow box (upper right-hand corner) ticked. 4. Choose a particular item from bottom left/right boxes and position it on top of the skateboard. 5. Set the “Applied Force” as 50 N (“N” stands for “Newton”, a unit of force) by clicking/tapping on the right arrow once. Observe the motion of the crate within 10-15 seconds. You may look at how fast the value of speed changes, as shown in the circle on the upper left corner. 6. Without changing the chosen item on the skateboard, set the applied force into higher values (100 N, 150 N, 200 N…) by clicking/tapping on the right arrow. Observe the motion of the object for at least 10 seconds for each value of applied force. 7. Carefully notice how fast the value of the speed changes for each value of force applied. 8. What does this observation tell you about the relationship between the external force applied and the object’s acceleration (the rate of change in velocity)? Part II: Constant force, Changing mass 1. Click the “reset” button (the round, orange button on the upper right-hand corner) of the same simulation to clear all the current settings. 2. Tick all the items (force, values, masses, speed) inside the yellow box. Remove the crate from the top of the skateboard and place it inside the box (lower left). 3. Position the 40-kg child on top of the skateboard. You have to observe its acceleration within a 5-second time interval by referring to Step 4. Use a digital stopwatch as a timer. 4. Set the force at 50 N. The skateboard and its load will then start moving. Stop the motion of the body by pressing the “pause” button AFTER FIVE (5) SECONDS (starting from the time you set the force as 50 N). Check the speed (refer to the speed shown in the circle, upper left) reached by the body within the 5-second time interval. Record this value in Table 1 as the final velocity of that particular item. 5. Do the same for all the other items listed in the table below. Click “reset” every time you start with a new item, and always tick all the items inside the yellow box. Remove the crate (the default setting) on top of the

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skateboard before placing a new item, unless the crate itself is the item you need to select. The force must be the same (50 N) for all these items. 6. Compute for the acceleration of all the items considered and record the data in the last column. The acceleration is equal to final velocity – initial velocity divided by time (time equals 5 seconds for all the items). 7. What did you notice with the acceleration values obtained by the different items? What do you think caused the variations in these values? Data and Data Evaluation: Part I: Net Force Table 1: Situation Force to the left (N) Force to the right (N) Net force (N, left or right) 50 50 0 100 100 0 Part I: Constant Mass, Changing Force Picture 1:

Part II: Constant Force, Changing Mass Table 1: Item Mass (kg) Initial Velocity (m/s) Final Velocity (m/s) Acceleratio n (m/s 2 )

Child 40 0 6.5 6.5 Crate 50 0 5.9 5.9 Man 80 0 3.4 3.4 Child + Crate 90 0 3.6 3.6 Trash can 100 0 2.7 2.7 Man + Crate 130 0 2.6 2.6 Crate + Trash can 150 0 1.5 1.5 Man + Trash can 180 0 1.4 1.4 Refrigerator 200 0 1.6 1.6 Calculations: Results: Part I: Net Force One small figure was put on each side of the rope, resulting in a force of 50 N on each side, resulting in a Net force of 0 N. In the next scenario, two small figures were put on one side and the second largest figure was put on the

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opposite side, resulting in a force of 100 N on each side, also resulting in a Net force of 0 N. Part I: Constant Mass, Changing Force In this scenario, the result of increasing the applied force was that the speed and acceleration was increasing as well. This kept applying as more applied force was being added; the object on the skateboard was increasing in speed and acceleration. A conclusion to draw from this is that the more applied force is added, the acceleration and speed increases as well. Part II: Constant Force, Changing Mass In this scenario, the heavier the object is on the skateboard, the slower the acceleration and final velocity. The object’s rate of acceleration depends on the net force acting on it, which was kept at 50 newtons in the scenario. This relationship demonstrates an inverse association with the object’s mass; as a result, as the object’s mass increased, the acceleration decreased. Conclusion: In conclusion, my calculations in part II were accurate, however due to the experiment’s nature of only one trial being performed and most likely not being precise with the variables due to having to obtain them after precisely five seconds, several more trials should be done to ensure accuracy. Delving into the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration yielded valuable insights in the fundamental principles of physics. I observed that when a constant force of 50 newtons was applied to various objects of differing masses, the resulting accelerations were inversely proportional to the mass of the object, confirming Newton’s second law of motion.

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