Physics 101 (Lab10) Temperature Heat and Thermal equilibrium

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Northern Virginia Community College *

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Oct 30, 2023

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Physics 101 (General Physics-1) Laboratory Exercise (10) Temperature, Heat and Thermal equilibrium Your Name: Diane Rivas Lab partners name: Student ID: Date: Introduction: Temperature is one of the most familiar and fundamental thermodynamic quantities. We have an intuitive feel for temperature, e.g. hot versus cold objects. However, a precise measurements depends on the establishment of a relative temperature scale, based on the change in some physical property of a material as it is heated or cooled over some temperature range. The temperature change in an object is therefore a measure of the heat flow to or from that object. Heat is defined as the flow of thermal energy. A quantity of heat cannot be measured directly; a measurement for the amount of thermal energy in transit (heat) can be made by determining its effects on matter. When a substance gains heat, its total internal energy is increased, the total internal energy of a substance being defined as the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of all the molecules in the substance. Objectives: The purpose of this experiment is to gain some basic knowledge about heat transfer and measurement of temperature and heat loss/gain from one material to another. In this lab you will examine how the temperature of your thermometer changes when immersed in three different systems and how your predicted data compare with the experimental measurements. Equipment needed: Three thermometers, 3 beakers, graduated cylinder, 100 mL of ice water, 100 mL, of hot water 100 mL of room temperature water and time watch Theory: Thermal energy is the internal energy contained by a substance because of the vibration and movement of the atoms and particles of the object. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another object. Heat always moves from areas of high temperature to areas of lower temperature until it reaches thermal equilibrium and spreads out evenly. Heat is is expressed either in joules (J), calories (cal), or kilo-calories (kcal). The change in thermal energy of an object Q is proportional Δ to the change in its temperature T or Q is proportional to T and also proportional to Δ Δ Δ mass m. The heat gained or lost by an object can be calculated from Q = m c T Δ Δ Where m = mass of the material (in kg), c = specific heat capacity of the material (in J/kg 0 C), T = change in temperature of material (in Δ 0 C) , Q = the thermal energy change or Δ heat in calories
Experimental procedure: 1. Fill one beaker or styrofoam cups with 100 mL of Ice water. Put temperature thermometer into the ice water beaker and record the initial temperature. 2. Fill one beaker with 100 mL of room temperature water. Put temperature thermometer into the room temperature beaker and record the initial temperature. 3. Fill one of your styrofoam cups with hot water. Put the temperature thermometer into the hot water beaker and record the initial temperature. 4. Using your pencil, graph the temperatures from the data table onto one set of axes. 5. Also calculate the amount of heat loss/gain in each beaker of substance after 15 mints Prediction Graph: Use three different colored pencils, draw a graph of how you think the temperature of the water in each cup will change over the 15 minute time interval. Explain in words what you think will happen to the temperature of the three cups of water, and explain WHY you think the graph will look that way. _ _ _ _ _ Data Table 1:
Measurements of temperature with time Time in Minutes Temperature in degrees Celsius Ice Water Room Temperature Water Hot Water Initial Temperature (0 sec) 2 21 66 1 (60 sec) or 1 mint 2 21 65 2 (2 minutes) 2 21 63 3 (3 minutes) 2 21 62 4 (4 minutes) 2 21 61 5 (5 minutes) 2 21 60 6 (6 minutes) 2 21 59 7 (7 minutes) 2 21 58 8 (8 minutes) 2 21 57 9 (9 minutes) 2 21 57 10 (10 minutes) 2 21 56 11 (11 minutes) 2 21 55 12 (12 minutes) 2 21 54 13 (13 minutes) 2 21 54 14 (14 minutes) 2 21 53 15 (15 minutes) 2 21 52
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Data Table 2: Calculation of heat lost or gain (1)Amount of heat lost/gain by ice water after 15 mints = ……………0……………………… (2) Amount of heat lost/gain by Room Temperature Water after 15 mints = ………………………0……… (3)Amount of heat lost/gain by Hot Water after 15 mints = ………2.98……………………… Graph: Temperature vs time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ice water room temperature hot water Time (Minutes) Temperature in C
Results and discussion: 1. In one sentence, briefly describe what you tested in this experiment: How the temperature of your thermometer changes when immersed in three different systems and how your predicted data compare with the experimental measurements. 2. Explain how the temperature of the ice water, room temperature water, and hot water changed during the 15 minute time frame. Be sure to use the actual numbers from your data table in your explanation. For ice water and room temperature water there was no change in temperature. For hot water the temperature went down from 66 degrees to 52 degrees in 15 minutes. _ _ _ 3. What trends or patterns do you see in the graph you made? What happens to the three lines in the graph? Two remain constant while the other changes. _ _ _ _ 4. How did the heat transfer in the ice water? From where did the heat transfer? Did this heat transfer slow down or stop during the 15 minute time frame? Why? It stopped in the 15 minute time frame, heat transfer is always driven by the difference in the temperature of an object and its surroundings. _ _ _ _ 5. How did the heat transfer in the room temperature water? From where did the heat transfer? Did this heat transfer slow down or stop during the 15 minute time frame? Why? As the temperature of the water is close to the temperature of its surroundings, heat transfer would be unlikely to occur, or at a very small rate. In this case it did not have any change in the 15 minutes. It stopped in the 15 minute time frame. _ _ _
6. How did the heat transfer in the hot water? From where did the heat transfer? Did this heat transfer slow down or stop during the 15 minute time frame? Why? This was the only one who had some change from minute 1 to minute 15. _ It slowed down during the 15 minute time frame. _ _ _ 7. Do you feel like you were able to collect accurate and precise data? Explain why or why not. Did you or your group members make any errors while collecting the data? Yes I think I collected accurate data. I am not sure if any one else had any errors as we did this lab virtually in our own time. _ _ _ Conclusion Questions: 1. Was your hypothesis supported by your data, or do you need to reject your hypothesis because it was not supported by your data? My hypothesis was wrong. _ _ _ _ 2. Compare your prediction graph to the actual data. Was your prediction close to the actual results? How was it similar? How was it different? I thought all of the different waters would change temperatures but I was wrong. _ _ _ _ 3. How does this lab demonstrate thermal equilibrium? Heat is the flow of energy from a high temperature to a low temperature. When these temperatures balance out, heat stops flowing, then the system is said to be in thermal equilibrium. Thermal equilibrium also suggests that there's no matter flowing into or out of the system. _ _ _ Conclusion and summary:
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