Lab 11 report.docx

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 11: Reflection and Refraction Refraction and reflection are tracking the movement of light from place to place using rays. In this lab we are observing the Law of Reflection and the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Doing this will help determine the index of refraction of water and glass.

Objective The objectives of this lab are to: ● To observe the Law of Reflection ● To observe the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction ● To determine the index of refraction of water and glass Materials ● laser pointer ● glass block ● plane mirror ● “D” shaped petri dish filled with water ● protractor ● rule Theory Explain the theory of the lab. Rays are small sections of the light way. Using rays the movement of light is tracked from place to place. The law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection This law is used to make the relationship between the incoming (incident) angle and the outgoing (reflected) angle that is measured with respect to the normal surface. In this lab, we observe the Law of Reflection using the law equation and observe the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. In addition, we attempt to determine the index of refraction of water and glass. Method In this lab, we used He-Ne lasers. Using the lasers we shone a light into a mirror and tracked where the laser beam went. Tracking the ray we moved the laser so it shined into the mirror at different angles and determined the angles of incidence. Using a petri dish with water we placed the laser on a stand so the laser beam shines through the dish and moved the laser so it shined at different angles and later found the angles. Similar to the petri dish, we used a block of glass instead and measured the angle of refraction and measured the height of where the ray exited the block, and computed the angle of refraction and index of refraction.

Data P ART I: R EFLECTIONS Trial Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection 1 48 40 2 38.5 23.5 P ART II: R EFRACTION IN W ATER Trial Angle of Incidence θ 1 Angle of Refraction θ 2 n 2 = (1)sin θ 1 /sin θ 2 1 64.5 135 1.27 2 40 146.5 1.16 3 29.5 27.5 1.06 index of refraction of water = average of last column = __________________1.16________________ standard deviation of the mean= ______________________0.11______________________ P ART III: R EFRACTION IN G LASS Length of block, L (cm)= _____4.7________________________________________________________ Trial Angle of Incidence θ 1 Height, h (cm) Angle of Refraction θ 2 = tan -1 (h/L) n 2 = (1)sin θ 1 /sin θ 2 1 62 3 32.5 1.64 2 40.5 0.9 10.8 3.47 3 51 2.2 25.1 1.83 index of refraction of water = average of last column = _______________2.31___________________ SDM= ___________________________________1.006________________________

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Calculations P ART II: index of refraction of water = average of last column = __________________1.16________________ standard deviation of the mean= ______________________0.11______________________ P ART III: index of refraction of water = average of last column = _______________2.31___________________ SDM= ___________________________________1.006________________________ Analysis During this lab experiment, based on our data we calculated the index of refraction of water which equals the average of the last column in our data table, and calculated the standard deviation of the mean in part two. The index of refraction of water was 1.16, greater than 1, and the standard deviation of the mean was 0.11. In part three of our calculations, the index of refraction equalling the average of the last column in our data table was 2.31 and the SDM came out to be 1.006.

Conclusion In this lab, the objective was to observe the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. In addition to determining the index of refraction of water and glass by using the Law of refraction. By using the laser pointer in the lab, we were able to determine the angles of refraction and the index of refraction with a mirror because the reflection from the laser bounces off objects. That is why using a laser in this lab was the best light source because the laser beam gives off an intense light and does not have a broad range of lighting sources bouncing off the entire area like a lightbulb would. Questions 1. Why is a “D” shaped petri dish used for determining the index of refraction of water? Why not a square container? A “D” shaped petri dish was used for determining the index of refraction of water instead of a square container because the light incidence is normal to its surface for all of the angles of light incidence at 0. Therefore, no refraction takes place at the first surface of the “D” shaped petri dish. 2. What would happen if the index of refraction of water was 1? Draw a picture of what it would look like. If the index of refraction of water was 1, the index will be greater than or equal to 1. 3. Why do you use a laser in this lab rather than a light bulb? If you wanted to use a light bulb, what would you have to do to the light bulb? We used a laser in this lab rather than a light bulb because a laser light stays focused and does not spread out much, like a flashlight would. Using a laser, it is more efficient because the laser generates a beam of very intense light giving off a single wavelength. Comparing using a lightbulb to a laser, a laser light is monochromatic, directional, and coherent. A lightbulb produces a broad spectrum of light, putting out a visible spectrum of light in all directions. at the same time. If you were to use a lightbulb, you would have to direct the light beam rays so that the spectrum of lights doesn't light up the whole area.

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