Lab 2_ Momentum

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Lab Report 2: Momentum Names Percent Zoë Howard 100% Q1a) Use your critical thinking to identify which run pertains to which magnet and explain why. Answer: After viewing the data, when a stronger magnet is used, the magnet will repel the car much earlier as opposed to the weaker magnet. The stronger magnet has a longer range than the weaker magnet. This observation confirms that the stronger magnet will reduce car speed much earlier than the weaker magnet will. So, Car Run #1 is that of a weaker wall magnet whereas Car Run #2 pertains to a stronger wall magnet. The weaker magnet will be more effective in this case because it reduces the momentum in a larger amount of time. The greater the time used to stop the car the lesser the impact of force because of the repulsion of the magnet, avoiding high force! _____________________________________________________________________________ Q1b) If you were a car designer, which characteristic/property of the car can you control to increase the safety of the passengers in case of a collision? (In addition to airbags, seatbelts, and the like.) Answer: Characteristics/Properties of the car that you can control in order to increase the safety of passengers are: ● Speed Limits ● Steering Abilities ● Airbags ● Brake/Gas Setting ● Seatbelt ● Traffic Lights/Road Engineering ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q2a) How long does the collision last? The collision lasts for 0.80s from the original start before the collision actually begins. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q2b) If the ball was landing on a weighing scale, what would be the maximum reading of this scale? ?𝑎?? = 0. 01𝑘? 𝐺?𝑎?𝑖?? 𝐸??𝑎?𝑖??: 9. 8 ?/? 2 ? = ? ? ? ? = 0. 01𝑘? * 9. 8? ? = 0. 098?

__________________________________________________________________________________ Q2c) Experiment with Simphy’s restitution (change values between 0 and 1) and explain what happens to the maximum acceleration. What effect would that have if the ball landed on a weighing scale? (What would the scale register?) Answer: Given that the weighing scale moves up and down. Added weight that is pushed down to a certain level, will ultimately result in getting an increased number on the scale than expected. If the ball were to land on a scale after the collision, that would cause more force on the scale. Due to this, it temporarily pushes the weight down making it appear heavier. The scale will then register a higher number. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q2d) Examine the relationship between the restitution coefficient and the rebound speed of the ball. Answer: The coefficient of restitution of a ball can defined as the relationship/ratio of the rebound speed to the collision speed when the ball collides with a rigid surface. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q2e) When you jump from a height above ground level, you instinctively bend your knees. Why do you do that? Tie this back to your experiment results. Answer: If we bend our knees during landing, the time of impact increases and decreases the average force exerted on the knees. This will be the difference between causing harm or preventing our bodies from being damaged. Similarly, it can be the same relationship with the car magnets in question #2. The greater the time to prevent ultimate force, the less damage caused as opposed to slower timing and greater force. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q3a) Calculate the change of momentum of the system of objects before and after . You should discover that the two values are very close to each other. This is a conservation of momentum at its best because the developing forces are internal to the system (action-reaction). Show your work. ?𝑎?? = 245?/0. 245𝑘? Vi= 0.33m/s Vf= 0.162m/s ? = ?(?? − ?𝑖) ? = 0. 245(0. 162?/? − 0. 33?/?) ? = 0. 08𝑘? * ?/? ___________________________________________________________________________________

Q3b) Corroborate the conservation of momentum of the two-object system in a plastic collision from the Simphy simulation found here. Answer: The left block has a velocity that starts at 5 m/s and the right block starts at 3 m/s. When the two begin to travel toward each other, they collide and continue moving toward the right upon impact together. The left block had a higher velocity which ended up traveling so the momentum continued in the right direction. After the collision, because the right block with the lower velocity balances out the force it had, the left block still had force left over so it continued to push in that direction with the second block instead of traveling in the opposite direction. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q3c) To extrapolate on the concept, add friction to all surfaces (right-click on object, properties, etc.). Show that the momentum of the system IS STILL conserved , but ONLY during the collision because immediately afterward, external forces are taking over (i.e., friction). Answer: When the friction of the plane is changed to 0.5 and the friction of the block is changed to 0.5 as well, the block with a friction coefficient has a decreasing velocity due to the friction that is given. The right block remained constant because it was defined to have no friction until the two blocks officially decided to collide on impact. When the blocks collide, the speeds decrease and end up matching equally because of the amount of friction that is given. Instead of continuing, they come to a halt. But before this was done, the left block had around the same velocity and began to stop due to the forces having nowhere to go. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q3d) What are the horizontal and vertical components of the projectile’s velocity when it lands? The vertical component is 1.79m and the horizontal component is 3.11m as defined in the previous question. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q4) The smart cart we used or saw before has an additional gadget; the so-called “sails.” The idea is to simulate the following scenario: A sailboat with its sails open wide but there is no wind ; instead, the captain decided to have a big fan blowing air toward the sails . Watch the video here. Explain why conceptually this is deranged. Answer: This is deranged because the sailboat will move slower, or even backwards. The fan is pushing air forward, which ultimately propels the sailboat backward instead of in the intended

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direction. The most that will happen is some of this air will be caught by the sail and neutralized, but it can't be neutralized completely. The velocity of the air will be greatest as it first leaves the fan, and the thrust of the fan pushing backward is more than when the sail is being pushed forward. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q5a) Explain the three versions of the observed experiment based on what we discussed in Theory. Answer: The first version is when one ball is pulled back and released to be pulled back to the line of balls that are lined up. This pulls force from the first ball and then into the rest of the balls. The second ball then is impacted by that force and it begins to pulse through the third ball, fourth ball, and fifth ball (or until all of the balls have experienced the force altogether). The ball swings with the same amount of force as the first ball and then repeats the process by repeating the force back in the opposite direction. The second version of the experiment however shows the mass of force and how this is conserved when it begins to travel throughout the system. In the experiment, it is shown that two balls within the line are double the mass and force of one ball. So, once those two balls decide to hit the middle ball, the forces begin cycling through all the balls within the line. Because the mass that went into the system must come out somehow, two balls add force so the last two balls can add force as well, ultimately continuing the cycle. In the third version, the experiment involves the usage of three balls. There are only five balls so the middle ball in turn contributes its mass and force. The center of mass remains instantaneous, keeping the conservation symmetrical. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Q5b) Imagine we had the opportunity to film the experiment in extremely slow motion, e.g., thousands of fps. How fast do you think the last ball would start moving after the first ball hits the second? Answer: In terms of Newton’s 3rd Law, the forces acting on each ball will be exactly equal and in opposite directions. The force on the second ball and the first is in the same direction as the motion of the first ball. Meaning the force on the first ball by the second ball is opposite the direction of its motion. These forces tend to speed up the second ball and slow down the first ball meaning the second

ball will be around 0.5 seconds. This motion, however, would not be instantaneous, because there must be some time for the forces to hit through the balls.

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