SOE 101 exam 1

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Washington State University *

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101

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Physics

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Feb 20, 2024

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SOE 101: Exam 1 Study guide Chapter 1 - Understand the scientific method, and the difference between hypothesis and theory in particular - scientific method uses observation about the past and the present to better understand how processes happen and prepare for the future Examples: - Grocery shopping - Picking out shoes - Studying - Baking Theory: an explanation for why things work or how things happen Hypothesis: a concept or idea that you test through research and experiments - Understand the Big Bang theory: - A theory - All matter and energy were compacted into a single dense point = a singularity - 13.8 billion years ago, the universe began with a cosmic expansion - The universe is still expanding today o age of our universe = 13.8 Ga o red shift – the wavelength of the light is stretched, so the light is seen as “shifted” towards the red part of the spectrum o age of the Earth = 4.54 Ga o where elements formed – big bang - Understand the stages of formation of a planetary disk and how we know this - disk made up of planets that orbit around one or more stars Stages of planetary disk formation: - Dense nebular cloud: gas + dust - Solar nebula: dust stars to clump, form a disk - Accretion disk: protostar + protoplanets + comets, … - Stellar system: star + planets + moons + asteroids + comets, … - Understand the differences between planets of our solar system and which planets are used to study Earth’s future climate Venus and Mars are used to study Earth’s climate - Know the order of the planets and zones of our Solar system - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune
Chapter 2 - Understand differentiation and the resulting chemical layers of Earth Differentiation – the process of separating out the constituents of a planetary body because of their density, resulting in distinct layers Differentiation on Earth ended around 4.49 Ga ago and lasted 100 Ma - Understand how seismic waves are used to know what the inside looks like Uses wave velocity to determine the structure of the mantle in 2D and 3D Seismic waves – the earth’s interior consists of a series of concentric shells, with a thin outer crust, a mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core - Understand how the Moon formed and its effects on Earth Giant impact theory 1. About 4.5bn years ago the Earth is struck by Theia, an object the size of mars 2. Intense heat is created by the impact and huge amounts of debris from both Theia and the Earth are thrown into space 3. The debris joints as it orbits the earth 4. The moon is from the debris - Understand the theory of plate tectonics and its history History of plate tectonics: - Alfred Wegener (1915): continental drift hypothesis - Evidence: fit the continents, fossil distribution, rock types, paleoclimates - Missing: mechanism - Mechanism convection -> plate tectonics theory - Lithosphere (crust + uppermost upper mantle) - Asthenosphere (uppermost upper mantle) Theory of plate tectonics - Broken up shell of the earth, made up of lithospheric plates - Each plate holds a continent and or an ocean - Tectonic plates move relative to one another song plate boundaries, on top of the mantle What drives plate tectonics? Convection – depends on differences in density and temperature
- Know the characteristics of the different types of plate boundaries and hot spots and how to identify them types of boundaries between plates: - Convergent o The plates move toward one another, leading to subduction (volcanism) and collision (mountain building) – earthquake and volcanism - Divergent o The plates move away from one another, leading to the formation of new plate material – earthquakes and volcanism - Transform o The plates slide past one another, leading to movement along the boundary – earthquakes - Hotspot o Mantle plume o Volcanic chains are the result of the plate moving above the hot spot – earthquakes and volcanism o Relatively fixed locations beneath the tectonic plates - Understand how we know Earth’s paleoclimates Known from: - Ice core gas bubbles measurement of CO2 - Tree ring measurements - Deep water sediment measurements of CO2 - Understand what caused the changes in Earth’s climate since it formed Changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth’s orbit and levels of carbon dioxide Which is true of the continental drift? A. With convection, it became the theory of plate tectonics B. It is not supported by evidence C. It is a theory D. It was accepted immediately Which is true of convection? A. Hot material rises, cold material sinks B. Hot material sinks, cold material rises Where do we NOT see volcanism? A. Hot spots B. Divergent boundaries C. Convergent boundaries – subduction D. Convergent boundaries – collision Where do we see seismic activity? A. Hot spots B. Divergent boundaries C. Convergent boundaries D. Transform boundaries E. All of the above
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How old is our universe? A. 13.8 Maw B. 138 Ma C. 13.8 Ga D. 138 Ga The planets in orbit around stars form after their star True False The Earth’s climate has only been changing over the past 1 Ma True False What do the Milankovic cyles do? A. Impact solar radiation on earth B. Impact earth’s orbit C. Impact earth’s season D. Impact earth’s climate E. All of the above Which of the following have Milankovic cycles? A. Earth B. Terrestrial planets C. Gas giants D. All planets What is the main component on Earth? A. Oxygen B. Sulphur C. Iron D. Nickel E. Uranium What does a large shadow zone represent? A. A large atmosphere B. A large planet C. A large mantle D. A small mantle E. A large core In which scenario are tides higher? A. 90-degree angle between sun, earth, and moon B. Jupiter, earth and moon are aligned C. 90-degree angle between sun, earth and mercury
D. Sun, earth, and moon are aligned What are the 2 planets we look at to better understand Earth’s climate change? A. The moon B. Neptune C. Mars D. Venus E. Mercury Which planetary body has the oldest surface? A. Enceladus B. Triton C. Mercury D. Io E. Europa The terrestrial planets all have very young surfaces True False ALMA is a telescope in orbit around the Earth True False Pluto is a dwarf planet in part because it did not “clean” its orbit True False

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