Media Ethics Midterm
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Philosophy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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Uploaded by CountSparrow1079
Jensen Walker
COMMS 304 Media Ethics - Section 001
10/28/2023
Summary 1
Citation:
Bok, Sissela.
Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life
,
Introduction,
Chapter 1, and Chapter 2.
Summary:
The reading delves into the intricate nuances surrounding the ongoing debate on the duality of
lying and truthfulness. At the outset of the book, the author artfully constructs scenarios that
serve as thought-provoking vehicles, enabling readers to grapple with moral dilemmas. These
scenarios compel us to scrutinize and articulate our personal definitions of truth, and to
contemplate our moral compass in the context of various deceptive acts. Central to Bok's
argument is the assertion that every lie carries with it a set of consequences, which can
manifest as either positive or negative outcomes, albeit the latter tends to be the more prevalent
consequence. In essence, the book lays the foundation for a deeper exploration of the intricate
web of ethics and honesty, underscoring the manifold ramifications of our choices in matters of
veracity and deception.
Reflection:
I appreciate the insights offered by the book on our capacity to navigate social interactions. It
presents a fundamental dichotomy: we can either adopt a deceptive approach or choose the
path of honesty. This disposition is not inherent; rather, it is cultivated through learning.
Understanding lying and truth-telling as acquired skills is crucial because, with dedicated effort,
we can unlearn them. Equally important is our discernment of the situations in which lying is
deemed acceptable, establishing our personal threshold for ethical deceit. The more we stretch
this boundary, the easier it becomes to rationalize our falsehoods, a disconcerting prospect.
Lying can quickly become ingrained, making it challenging to discontinue without jeopardizing
trustworthiness. Our innate self-interest often leads us to believe that certain lies are justifiable,
and this self-interest dissuades us from ever admitting our deception. When we deliberate on
the moral acceptability of lying, we must consciously assess whether it serves the greater good
rather than our self-interest.
Question: What types of scales or systems of measure can we use to assess lying and the
different kinds of lying?
Citation:
Textbook:
Wilkins, Painter & Patterson,
Media Ethics
: Chapter 2 "Information
Ethics," pp. 29-49.
Summary:
Determining the authenticity of information in journalism has become a complex task.
On one hand, there's a prevailing notion that journalists should primarily focus on
delivering factual content and reserve their personal opinions for specific sections. On
the other hand, there's a contrasting perspective that assigns journalists the role of
"watchdogs" for the public, implying that pure objectivity can be limiting as it may stifle
independent thought and prioritize certain sources of influence. Wilkins suggests that
journalism is currently grappling with a dilemma: the need to impartially present both
sides of a story while also acknowledging their own inherent biases. This challenge is
particularly pronounced when dealing with tight deadlines. Furthermore, the chapter
encourages readers to contemplate the appropriate timing for revealing the complete
truth and the potential ramifications of disclosing unsettling or harmful information.
Reflection:
Upon reflection of the reading material, the most noteworthy insight I've gained is the
absence of a definitive approach to any given situation. Ethics, as I've come to
understand, are inherently subjective. Our perception of the correct course of action and
the appropriate narrative to convey hinges on our personal perspectives. I've also
realized that, owing to the manner in which stories are framed and presented, the notion
of objective truth is elusive. What holds true for one individual, especially in matters of
politics, religion, and conflict, may not resonate with another, rendering objective
reporting a near-impossible task. Nevertheless, it's essential to distinguish between
partial truths and falsehoods. The chapter underscored the deliberate intent behind lies,
where individuals knowingly engage in dishonesty. In the realm of journalism,
falsehoods and the dissemination of fake news should never find a place. It's crucial to
bear in mind that journalists are human beings whose work can be influenced by bias,
whether acknowledged or not. Consequently, the onus falls upon the audience to
discern the credibility of the information and independently assess its veracity. Rather
than expecting writers to furnish objective truths, the responsibility should lie with
readers to critically evaluate the information they encounter.
Question: How exactly do religion and ethics influence each other? How has religion
shaped our ethical code? How has our ethical code shaped and changed religion over
the millenia?
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Citation: "What Is Truth?" Dieter F. Uchtdorf, January 13, 2013.
Summary:
Dieter F. Uchtdorf explores the timeless query of whether absolute truth can ever be
fully grasped. Drawing upon the rich tapestry of history, he highlights the numerous
luminaries who have grappled with this profound inquiry. In the context of our
contemporary era, marked by unprecedented access to information, Uchtdorf
underscores the heightened significance of honing our ability to distinguish between
veracity and fallacy. Additionally, he draws from scriptural narratives to illustrate
instances when humanity held certain beliefs as truth, only to subsequently discover
their fallacy.
Reflection: Contemplating President Uchtdorf's elucidation of partial truth, I find myself
struck by the realization that I had never previously contemplated this concept. He
pointed out that "human wisdom is fallible," illustrating this with historical examples such
as the former belief in a flat Earth with the sun revolving around it. Once deemed truth,
these notions evolved as our knowledge expanded. I discern parallels in the ongoing
discourse about Covid-19. The "truth" continually shifts as earlier conclusions based on
limited data are refuted with the accumulation of more comprehensive knowledge about
the virus. In such circumstances, it is paramount not to hastily draw conclusions
founded on incomplete information, as this can only yield a fragmentary comprehension
of the truth. Nonetheless, it remains imperative to earnestly endeavor to unearth the
truth by meticulously considering all available information. We inhabit an imperfect world
where absolute truth isn't always readily attainable. Hence, it is our duty to diligently
strive for a more profound understanding of truth by comprehensively evaluating the
information within our reach.
Question: What happens when one of the leaders of the church receives revelation that
might go against the world's ethical views? How are these conflicts of interest
resolved?
Summary 2
Citation:
Textbook:
Wilkins, Painter & Patterson,
Media Ethics
: Chapter 1 "An Introduction
to Ethical Decision-Making," pp. 1-25
Summary:
The text delved into an examination of diverse moral theories and how they influence the
process of making ethical decisions. It suggests that ethics should not be perceived merely as a
list of actions but rather as a guiding mindset for those actions. Bok outlines a three-step
approach to ethical decision-making, which involves introspection, seeking external counsel,
and engaging in discussions with relevant stakeholders. Bok contends that a common error in
ethical decision-making is the exclusive reliance on one's conscience without considering
external perspectives.
Reflection:
The text elucidates ethics as a process of making decisions that transcend mere distinctions
between right and wrong; rather, it frequently calls for choices between "good and better" or
"poor and worse" (pg. 6). This concept harmonizes with Elder Oak's discourse titled "Good,
Better, Best," where the emphasis lies in recognizing that goodness alone may not always
constitute the optimal choice. The reading also underscores the notion that the best decision
isn't always a stark binary, but often occupies a nuanced middle ground. In parallel to Elder
Uchtdorf's address, "The Parable of the Talents," the reading highlights the reality that most
decisions lack a clear-cut right or wrong answer; instead, they offer a spectrum of choices
ranging from suboptimal to superior. It ultimately falls upon us to discern the most morally sound
decision within this spectrum. I've learned that ethics revolves around determining what we
ought to do, frequently necessitating a choice between two morally acceptable options. More
often than not, it demands selecting the superior of two less-than-ideal alternatives. This
complexity in ethics arises from its involvement in navigating the nebulous realm where ethical
principles remain relative. The reading also underscores the significance of contemplating the
potential repercussions of our choices on all parties involved, advocating for a readiness to
reconsider and acknowledge when a decision proves ethically unsound. This idea aligns with
the message in Elder Uchtdorf's "The Parable of the Talents," which underscores the
importance of utilizing our talents and abilities for the greater good of others.
Question: When it comes to ethical dilemmas, how do we skillfully maneuver through the
uncertain terrain of moral ambiguity to arrive at choices that benefit both ourselves and the
people around us?
Citation:
Beginning Ethics, Vaughn
:
Chapter 2, pp 29-43 (15 pages)
Summary:
The text explores four distinct viewpoints regarding morality: Subjective relativism,
cultural relativism, emotivism, and objectivism. In the discussion, Vaughn offers a critical
examination of subjective and cultural relativism, contending that these perspectives
assume moral infallibility, which is untenable given the presence of moral
disagreements. Furthermore, the author contends that emotivism lacks validity as a
perspective since it asserts that disagreements are inherently impossible and that the
notions of good and bad lack any meaningful substance. According to emotivism, the
concepts of right and wrong hinge solely on personal feelings or attitudes, rendering the
statements devoid of significance beyond an individual's emotions.
Reflection:
The reading underscores a significant point: moral theories are not static but rather in a
constant state of evolution, adapting as new insights and perspectives emerge. This
evolution becomes evident when examining how moral values have transformed over
time and how societies have embraced diverse moral codes. Additionally, the reading
advocates for a pluralistic ethical approach, suggesting that it is most beneficial to
consider various moral theories and perspectives in tandem, harnessing their collective
wisdom to attain a deeper understanding of the moral landscape. This approach mirrors
the essence of Elder Holland's "The Parable of the Good Samaritan," emphasizing the
significance of empathy and compassion in making moral decisions. In essence, the
reading serves as a poignant reminder that there is no universally applicable solution in
the realm of morality and ethical decision-making, highlighting the importance of
approaching ethical dilemmas with a critical and open-minded mindset.
Question: If morality is subjective and subject to interpretation, how do we decide what
is genuinely right or wrong?
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Citation: Beginning Ethics, Vaughn: Chapter 4, "Moral Theories," pp 78-91. (14 pages)
Summary:
A moral framework forms the basis for discerning the ethical merits of a decision. It's
essential to recognize that no single moral framework enjoys universal consensus. Each
theory possesses elements of truth and can be employed to justify various choices.
Since there's no universally applicable moral code, it's imperative to consider multiple
frameworks when navigating ethical dilemmas. Moreover, Vaughn suggests that a
robust moral framework can be likened to a scientific theory, as it aids in
problem-solving and garners trust through repeated validation. Additionally, it's worth
acknowledging that moral frameworks are dynamic, evolving as our comprehension and
viewpoints expand.
Reflection: This passage brought to mind the analogy of a chess game, where each
move entails a moral choice with the objective of selecting the optimal move available.
Just like in chess, no single move or decision can be flawless, but various strategies
and tactics can be employed to rationalize these decisions. A utilitarian approach
involves evaluating the move that minimizes harm, whereas a deontological approach
adheres to a predefined set of moral principles. However, the complexity arises in
chess, much like in ethics, due to the ever-changing scenario and context with each
move. Should you sacrifice one piece to protect another? Should you prioritize offense
or defense? This underscores the idea that there is no universally correct ethical theory.
Ethics is a multifaceted field, and there are numerous variables to consider. This is
precisely why we have various moral theories rather than fixed laws.
Question: What causes moral theories to develop and change throughout time?
Summary 3
Citation:
Vaughn, Beginning Ethics, Chapter 11, “Virtue Ethics,” pp. 155-162. [8 pages]
Summary: In this text, Aristotle's perspective on virtue is explored. The notion of Eudaimonia,
which relates to happiness and flourishing, demonstrates the influence of our virtues on our
behavior. Virtue theory establishes a connection between our virtues and our moral principles.
The chapter acknowledges a key challenge in virtue theory, the absence of a duty-based
guideline for moral decision-making. This leads to the question of "What would my ideal
exemplar do?" which can be challenging to answer given the unique nature of each situation.
Another issue raised in the book regarding virtue theory is the problem of prioritization, as
certain virtues may clash, necessitating careful consideration.
Reflection: This reading on Aristotle's insights into virtue has provided a thought-provoking
understanding of how our virtues and morals shape our actions. Eudaimonia, or the pursuit of
happiness and flourishing, emphasizes the interconnectedness of our virtues and our behavior.
While virtue theory links virtues to morals, the absence of a duty-based framework raises the
challenging issue of how to make moral decisions. This can be particularly perplexing since
each situation is unique, making it difficult to ascertain "What would my ideal exemplar do?"
However, the most significant challenge within virtue theory appears to be the matter of
prioritization, as certain virtues may clash, necessitating careful consideration. This reading has
offered a fresh perspective on virtue theory and prompted me to contemplate the role that
virtues play in my own life and decision-making processes. I now find myself pondering the
significance of prioritizing my virtues and their impact on my actions. Overall, this reading has
been a valuable experience, enhancing my understanding of the intricate nature of virtue theory.
Question: What's the optimal approach to reconcile conflicts between moral virtues when
making decisions, and how can we effectively rank our virtues to ensure our actions align with
our moral values?
Citation:
Louis Pojman, chapter 9
, “Virtue Theory,” pp. 135-154. [20 pages]
Summary: This passage delves into Virtue Theory, which places equal importance on
both the right actions and the underlying reasons behind them. Virtue Theory, as
described in the text, is centered on the pursuit of virtuous character rather than solely
performing good deeds. It distinguishes between two categories of moral theory:
virtue-based and action-based. Virtue-based moral theory prioritizes the cultivation of
virtuous qualities and the development of virtuous individuals, while action-based moral
theory concentrates on ethical actions and principles without a strong emphasis on
character growth. The chapter argues that action-based theories fall short because they
neglect character development.
Reflection: The exploration of Virtue Theory in this reading offers valuable insights into
the dynamics of moral behavior. The distinction drawn between virtue-based and
action-based moral theories highlights their respective strengths and weaknesses.
Virtue-based moral theory underscores the significance of character development and
the journey towards becoming a virtuous person—an aspect I find crucial in moral
conduct. Conversely, action-based moral theory places emphasis on ethical actions and
principles but lacks a strong focus on character development, a key element in moral
decision-making. This reading has prompted me to reconsider my own moral beliefs
and the importance I place on character development in my life. While doing the right
thing has always been a priority, this reading emphasizes the significance of
comprehending why we act morally and striving to become virtuous individuals. I believe
that these two approaches to morality, virtue-based and action-based, can complement
each other, providing a more comprehensive perspective on moral behavior. In
conclusion, this reading has been thought-provoking, deepening my understanding of
Virtue Theory.
Question: How do our virtues influence our actions, and what role does character
development play in moral decision-making? Is it more important to focus on good
actions or becoming a virtuous person, and can these two approaches to morality
complement each other?
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Citation: Ethics and Honesty (Links to an external site.)(David B. Haight, Ensign,
November 1987, 13-15)
Summary:
David Haight underscores the significance of honesty and ethics in his speech, arguing
against the prevailing notion that ethics are situational. Instead, he asserts the need to
uphold unwavering ethical principles and commandments from scripture. Haight
expresses concern for the younger generation, emphasizing that the moral foundations
upon which the nation was built should not be forgotten. He stresses that preserving
freedom and salvation hinges on embracing ethical values and honesty.
Reflection:
David Haight's speech on the importance of honesty and ethics deeply resonated with
me. He contends that ethics should not be treated as contingent on circumstances but
rather as enduring principles rooted in scripture. This aligns with my belief that our
values and ethics should remain constant, regardless of the situation. Haight's concern
for the younger generation, who may have lost sight of our country's moral roots, struck
a chord with me. His message serves as a reminder that our commitment to ethics and
honesty is pivotal for safeguarding freedom and salvation. This talk has prompted me to
reflect on my own values and the significance of maintaining a strong moral compass. I
firmly believe that we bear a responsibility to transmit these principles to future
generations so that they, too, can grasp the importance of ethics and honesty in our
lives. In conclusion, David Haight's speech powerfully underscores the relevance of
ethics and honesty in our contemporary world.
Question: What is the significance of upholding a steadfast dedication to ethics and
integrity in our daily existence, and what measures can we take to guarantee that
forthcoming generations grasp the significance of these principles?
Citation: Honesty and Integrity (Links to an external site.) (Rex E. Lee, Brigham Young
University Devotional, September 5, 1995)
Summary:
In his discussion, Lee delves into the concept of ethics, underscoring the distinction
between actions permitted by law and those guided by moral righteousness. He
illustrates this by recounting the story of an MLB player who, despite having the legal
option to accept a lucrative contract, opted for a reduced salary, believing it to be a fair
representation of his performance. Lee contends that honesty and integrity should be
integral aspects of our lives, extending beyond mere legal compliance and enabling us
to act with a clear conscience. He emphasizes the significance of doing what is morally
right, rather than exploiting legal entitlements.
Reflection:
Lee's exploration of ethics and the juxtaposition of legal permissibility versus moral
correctness has prompted me to contemplate my own conduct. The MLB player's
decision to forgo a higher salary, despite being legally entitled to it, resonated deeply
with me. It serves as a compelling reminder of the importance of acting with integrity
and honesty, even when faced with challenging or less profitable choices. Lee's
argument underscores the essential role that honesty and integrity play in all aspects of
our lives, compelling me to evaluate my actions in alignment with my personal values.
Lee's message has prompted me to assess how I can ensure my actions reflect my
ethical beliefs. While it may be tempting to take the path of least resistance, Lee's
example illustrates the value of making ethically sound but demanding decisions. In
sum, Lee's discussion on ethics has provided me with a valuable opportunity for
self-reflection and personal growth.
Question:
In the face of challenging circumstances, how can we guarantee that our actions remain
consistent with our moral principles and that we consistently make ethical choices that
align with our convictions?
Summary 4
Citation:
Textbook:
Wilkins, Painter & Patterson,
Media Ethics
: Chapter 3 section "John
Rawls and the Veil of Ignorance," pp. 79-81 (John Rawls)
Summary:
John Rawls's theory of distributive justice asserts that fairness is synonymous with justice. The
"veil of ignorance" exercise offers a means to grapple with intricate issues. This approach
assembles individuals with diverse viewpoints to ascertain the correct course of action. In the
"original position," all participants are regarded as equals, unaware of their social status, class,
or societal role, thereby eliminating biases from the discourse. The reading suggests that
discussions held under the veil of ignorance emphasize two key values: maximizing individual
freedom and safeguarding the less fortunate.
Reflection:
It's noteworthy that the veil of ignorance serves as a tool to champion the cause of the less
fortunate. This exercise illuminates the inherent selfishness of human nature. Consequently,
envisioning ourselves as potential members of the disadvantaged group prompts us to advocate
for their protection, which inherently safeguards our own interests. When we place ourselves in
positions of privilege, we assume that our protection remains assured, intensifying the
imperative to shield the vulnerable. The "original position" allows us to objectively evaluate
issues by considering them from both perspectives, discerning what is equitable and ethical.
Although biases may persist, they do not originate from self-interest since our position in the
scenario is unknown.
Question: Can impartial decisions be made devoid of personal biases, as illustrated by John
Rawls's theory of the "veil of ignorance"?
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Citation:
Textbook:
Wilkins, Painter & Patterson,
Media Ethics
: Chapter 4 "Loyalty," pp.
99-112 Textbook (Potter Box)
Summary:
In the realm of ethical dilemmas, loyalty emerges as a complex conundrum, embodying
both virtuous qualities and inherent challenges. Loyalty, in its essence, carries the
potential for fostering prejudice, division of allegiances, and the intricate task of
discerning the morality of pledging allegiance to an unethical cause (pg. 103). To
harmonize the concept of loyalty with the ethical compass, the book introduces a
practical framework known as The Potter Box. This approach comprises four essential
stages: 1. Comprehending the factual context, 2. Clarifying one's values, 3. Engaging in
philosophical evaluation, and 4. Identifying the contours of loyalty. This chapter posits
that this model adeptly acknowledges the existence of conflicting loyalties, offering a
means to resolve them without resorting to extreme contradictions.
Reflection:
The concept of loyalty can prove to be a paradoxical facet of ethical decision-making.
On one hand, it can be regarded as a virtue, yet on the other hand, it can introduce
complications such as bias, conflicting loyalties, and the quandary of discerning the
ethics in remaining loyal to an unethical cause. This ethical quandary presents a
formidable challenge for individuals striving to make morally sound choices. However,
the book provides a viable solution to this predicament through the utilization of The
Potter Box. This model encompasses four sequential steps that facilitate ethical
decision-making while thoughtfully incorporating the element of loyalty. By initially
comprehending the pertinent facts, clarifying one's core values, applying relevant
philosophical principles, and delineating their loyalties, individuals can effectively
reconcile their loyalty with their ethical decision-making process. The model not only
acknowledges the presence of competing loyalties but also facilitates their harmonious
coexistence, offering a balanced approach to decision-making. In essence, The Potter
Box furnishes a valuable tool for individuals seeking to navigate complex ethical
dilemmas while considering the nuances of loyalty.
Question:
In the face of the intricate challenges posed by loyalty as a moral principle, how can
individuals adeptly align their loyalty with ethical decision-making?
Citation:
Textbook:
Wilkins, Painter & Patterson,
Media Ethics
: Chapter 7 "Thinking about
the message: A systematic Test," pp. 214-218 Textbook (TARES)
Summary: The TARES test serves as a tool for evaluating the moral integrity of
advertisements. In accordance with the book's findings, this test assesses five critical
aspects of a message: veracity, genuineness, consideration, fairness, and social
responsibility (page 214). By employing the TARES test, advertisers can receive
guidance in crafting ads that align with ethical principles while minimizing adverse
effects on both society and individuals. The book contends that this evaluation can play
a pivotal role in shaping the character of advertisements and promoting more
conscientious marketing practices.
Reflection: As someone passionate about advertising, I found the TARES test, which
gauges the ethical merit of advertisements, particularly intriguing. The text illustrated the
test's application with examples like Cheerio ads and delved into more intricate subjects
such as condom advertisements. This discussion brought to mind the "I Weigh"
movement initiated by actor Jameela Jamil on Instagram, aimed at transforming the
presentation of advertisements on the platform. Jamil's campaign garnered an
impressive 250,000 signatures in just three days, ultimately resulting in a prohibition on
ads for detox products, diets, and cosmetic surgery procedures targeting minors on
Instagram. These types of advertisements, akin to direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical
ads, fall short of the TARES test criteria due to their lack of authenticity and exploitation
of vulnerable demographics. Social media, especially Instagram, often fosters an
environment of comparison and judgment, which can be intrinsically detrimental.
Targeted advertisements that urge young individuals to conform to beauty standards by
dieting, detoxing, or undergoing surgery are particularly harmful, as they fail to meet
multiple aspects of the TARES test. I'm appreciative of individuals like Jameela Jamil,
who shed light on these issues and advocate for constructive change.
Question: What are the repercussions of advertisements that fail to meet the TARES
test's criteria on society and individuals, especially those grappling with self-esteem
issues and vulnerability?
Summary 5
Full Citation: Textbook: Wilkins, Painter & Patterson, Media Ethics: Chapter 11,
"Becoming a Moral Adult," pp. 349-361.
Summary:
In this chapter, the focus is on moral development and the corresponding stages. The
authors draw from the work of Piaget and Kohlberg, renowned figures in the study of
developmental stages and moral development. Piaget's research predominantly
centered on child observations, while Kohlberg's approach relied on interviews with
college students. The chapter also engages with other experts in the field who scrutinize
and assess Piaget and Kohlberg's concepts. It ultimately underscores that while
developmental stages may exhibit similarities, they should not be overly prescriptive in
shaping our present moral choices.
Reflection:
The exploration of moral development and its accompanying stages in this chapter is a
captivating and enlightening journey. Delving into the research of Piaget and Kohlberg,
both celebrated for their contributions to developmental stages, provides a
comprehensive understanding of this complex topic. Piaget's child-focused
observational approach and Kohlberg's college student interview-based method offer
distinct yet complementary perspectives on moral development. Furthermore, the
chapter introduces a critical evaluation of Piaget and Kohlberg's ideas by referencing
other experts in the field. This scrutiny and analysis offer fresh insights into how moral
development is understood. The conclusion that developmental stages, while similar,
shouldn't rigidly dictate our moral decisions is a thought-provoking revelation. It
highlights the significance of personal decision-making and ethical responsibility. The
chapter encourages a broader conversation about how our morality evolves over time
and how it shapes our lives. It prompts reflection on the impact of various factors, such
as family, culture, and education, on individuals' moral development. It also piques
curiosity about the ethical considerations of different societies and their relationship with
the developmental stages of their members.
Question:
To what extent do our early experiences and social environment influence our moral
development and impact our ethical decision-making?
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Full Citation: "Why Ethics Codes?" Illinois Institute of Technology, Center for the Study
of Ethics in the Professions.
Summary:
This concise article introduces the contentious subject of ethics codes by referencing
the perspectives of prominent scholars in the field, who express both support and
opposition to these codes. Critics argue that ethics codes might restrict individual moral
reasoning by imposing rigid rules, while proponents contend that such codes are
indispensable, offering guidance to ensure sound decision-making. The article raises a
pertinent question regarding the role of ethics codes in shaping an individual's moral
compass.
Reflection:
The article's introduction to the contentious nature of ethics codes is thought-provoking
and raises essential questions about the impact of external guidelines on an individual's
moral reasoning. The contrasting viewpoints presented by distinguished scholars in the
field highlight the diversity of opinions concerning the effectiveness and necessity of
ethics codes. The argument against ethics codes potentially limiting personal moral
decision-making by prescribing strict rules is valid, as it can be argued that these codes
might impede the freedom to make choices based on personal values and principles.
Conversely, the assertion that ethics codes are vital for providing guidance to ensure
prudent decision-making is also credible, particularly in light of the complex and diverse
moral dilemmas individuals confront in modern society. The article's call to critically
assess the relevance of ethics codes in various professional and social contexts is
particularly compelling. It emphasizes the need to examine the underlying assumptions
and implications of these codes, as well as their potential benefits and drawbacks. This,
in turn, encourages readers to contemplate the significance of personal values and
principles in guiding ethical decision-making.
Question: How can we ensure that advertisements are trustworthy and ethical when the
motivations of advertisers frequently clash with the well-being of consumers?
Full Citation: American Advertising Federation Code of Conduct
Summary: The principles emphasized in this code of conduct underscore the
importance of truthfulness in advertising and discourage the dissemination of deceptive
or misleading content. Additionally, it emphasizes refraining from publishing material
that may harm others, including defaming competitors or their products, which could
potentially lead to libel.
Reflection: I find it intriguing that truth is positioned as the foremost value in the
Advertising Code of American Advertising, governing the entirety of the code of
conduct. It's commendable that all the other values in the code align with the core
principles of honesty and transparency in consumer communication. However, despite
such a well-intentioned code, it's disheartening to observe numerous advertisements
that include misleading information, particularly on social media and the internet. The
third point in the code, "Taste and Decency," is somewhat vague, given that people's
notions of taste and decency can vary significantly. This raises the question of whether
such codes can effectively shape individuals' decisions to publish ethically sound
content. Nonetheless, having a standard code of conduct in advertising is a substantial
stride toward promoting honesty, decency, and fair practices.
Question: How can we have confidence in the truthfulness and ethics of advertisements
when the motivations of advertisers frequently clash with the well-being of consumers?
Summary 6
Full Citation: Dimock, Michael, and Richard Wike. “America is exceptional in the nature
of its political divide.” Pew Research Center, FactTank, 13 November 2020. PDF
version.
Summary:
The article by Dimock and Wike, published by the Pew Research Center on November
13, 2020, delves into the issue of political polarization in the United States. The authors
contend that this polarization, while not unique to the U.S., is particularly pronounced
there. They support their argument with an array of statistics and studies and attribute
much of the division to the country's two-party system. In the end, they suggest that a
polarized and divided political climate may be more preferable than a complacent one.
Reflection:
Upon reviewing the passage, it becomes evident that political polarization is a
significant concern in the United States. It is intriguing to discover that this phenomenon
is not exclusive to the nation but is notably more intense compared to other parts of the
world. The authors' assertion that the two-party system plays a pivotal role in fostering
political polarization is persuasive, given its role in limiting voters' choices and fostering
a binary political environment. However, the idea that a polarized political climate might
be preferable to a tranquil one is open to debate. From my perspective, a polarized
political atmosphere can engender division and hostility among citizens, potentially
obstructing the nation's progress. Nonetheless, the inclusion of data and research in the
article lends credibility to the argument. An illustrative example of political polarization in
everyday life is the realm of social media. In contemporary times, social media platforms
have evolved into hotbeds for polarized political viewpoints, where individuals tend to
congregate within their own echo chambers, surrounded by like-minded peers. This
fosters a lack of understanding and empathy towards those with differing views, thereby
perpetuating the divide. In the grand scheme, the article underscores the importance of
comprehending the origins of political polarization and the imperative need for
constructive dialogue to bridge the chasm between divergent political beliefs.
Question:
In light of the profound rift among its citizens resulting from political polarization, how
can a country aspire to achieve unity and progress?
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Full Citation: Farmer, Jennifer R. “How to Communicate Effectively in AnyRelationship,”
and Kehoe, Kelly. “7 Ways To Have More Confident Body Language.” Lifehack.
Summary: In her article "How to Communicate Effectively in Any Relationship," Kehoe
offers valuable insights for individuals looking to enhance their interpersonal
communication abilities. She emphasizes the importance of understanding one's
inherited communication style, learning from others, sharing personal experiences, and
focusing on delivery, timing, and the messenger to effectively convey messages.
Kehoe's advice is relevant for personal and professional development, providing a
proactive approach to strengthen relationships and achieve positive outcomes.
Reflection: Kehoe's advice on improving communication skills is not only practical but
also highly beneficial. Her four-pronged approach recognizes the multifaceted nature of
effective communication, and I find it particularly commendable. Understanding one's
communication style inherited from family or culture is a crucial first step, helping
individuals identify and address potential biases. The emphasis on learning from others'
communication styles highlights the importance of adaptability and open-mindedness,
qualities essential in various situations.
Kehoe's personal example underscores the need for precision and thoughtfulness in
diverse scenarios, emphasizing the importance of empathy and understanding in
effective communication. Furthermore, her focus on the delivery, timing, and the
messenger is vital. The manner in which a message is conveyed, its timing, and the
identity of the messenger all play significant roles in how it is received.
In my experience, improving my communication skills has had a profound impact on
building meaningful relationships, both personally and professionally. By being mindful
of my communication style and approach, I've been able to convey messages
effectively and achieve more favorable outcomes. I believe Kehoe's insights are
universally applicable, offering individuals of all ages and backgrounds the means to
enhance their communication skills and improve their personal and professional
relationships.
Question: How have you enhanced your interpersonal communication skills, and which
strategies have proven most effective in achieving positive outcomes in your personal
and professional relationships?
Full Citation: Shonk, Katie. “Elements of Conflict: Diagnose What’s Gone WrongLinks to
an external site..” Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School, Daily Blog, 24
December 2020. PDF version
Summary:
In her article, Shonk thoroughly explores the various aspects of conflict and offers
effective strategies for its management. She contends that by dissecting conflicts into
three distinct elements, individuals can address and resolve them with greater
rationality. Shonk's analysis begins with the element of interest, revealing the common
tendency to attribute external factors as the root causes of conflicts. She then
underscores the significance of considering alternatives and acknowledging that
compromise can be a pragmatic approach to resolving conflicts without a perfect
solution. Thirdly, Shonk delves into the element of identity, elucidating the challenge of
taking responsibility and avoiding the inclination to perceive conflicts as personal
attacks on one's identity.
Reflection:
Upon perusing this passage, Shonk's insights into conflict and its effective management
strike me as both enlightening and pragmatic. Her breakdown of conflict into three
discrete elements demonstrates her understanding of its intricacies and how they can
be tackled by focusing on specific aspects. Shonk's emphasis on the element of interest
is particularly pertinent, shedding light on the inclination of individuals to ascribe
conflicts to external factors. By acknowledging this predisposition, individuals can shift
their attention to internal factors and adopt a more constructive approach to conflict
resolution. Furthermore, her stress on the importance of exploring alternatives and
embracing compromises underscores the significance of open-mindedness and
adaptability in diverse situations. I also value Shonk's emphasis on the element of
identity, as it highlights the emotional dimension of conflict and its potential impact on
one's perceptions and responses. Recognizing this dimension can enable individuals to
approach conflicts with greater empathy and understanding, thereby averting
escalations. In my own experience, I have found that adopting a rational and empathetic
approach to conflict resolution has been instrumental in navigating complex situations
effectively. By acknowledging my own biases and emotions and concentrating on
internal factors, I have been able to approach conflicts more constructively, leading to
positive outcomes. I am convinced that Shonk's insights can assist individuals in
developing a more productive approach to conflict resolution, fostering stronger
relationships with others.
Question:What if embracing a more rational and empathetic approach to conflict
resolution could result in strengthened relationships, improved collaboration, and
positive outcomes in both personal and professional spheres?
Personal Ethics Statement
Introduction
As I embark on my journey toward a future career as a Creative Director at an
advertising agency in the vibrant city of Portland, Oregon, I find myself frequently
reflecting on the core values and principles that shape my life. My aspirations, deeply
rooted in my dreams and ambitions, are intrinsically tied to my personal ethics. The
choices I make and the ethical judgments I render are not just vital to my professional
path but also influence my relationships, education, and the faith that is a fundamental
part of who I am.
In contemplating the road ahead, I recognize that a robust ethical foundation is
essential for the achievement of my goals. I firmly believe that ethics and morality are
not confined to the professional sphere alone; they permeate every facet of my life,
impacting my interactions with friends and family, the pursuit of knowledge, and my
religious convictions.
Over the past year, I have endeavored to elevate my personal and marital
relationships through the practice of thoughtful, ethical communication. The power of
genuine, empathetic dialogue has strengthened the bonds with my loved ones and
enabled constructive, informed conversations. Even when engaging with individuals
who hold divergent beliefs I have found relative ease in communication as I strive to act
ethically. This experience has broadened my perspective on the world, promoting a
greater awareness of biases that can cloud my judgment and, in turn, enhancing my
ethical discernment.
My affiliation with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a lifelong
commitment, has played a profound role in shaping my moral compass. The ethical
principles I hold dear are deeply intertwined with Judeo-Christian values, emphasizing
the importance of love, compassion, and empathy. These values align closely with the
code of ethics I strive to embody in both my personal and professional life.
As I work toward my goal of becoming an Advertising professional, I draw
inspiration from the ethical framework outlined in the American Advertising Federation’s
code of conduct. I am committed to upholding these principles, not only in my future
career but also in my current endeavors. Additionally, I draw inspiration from various
philosophical theories and ethical models. These philosophies and the AAF’s code of
conduct align well with my pre-existing personal beliefs. Additionally, the main pillars of
my personal ethics statement are firmly rooted in the timeless teachings of Jesus Christ.
His profound guidance on love, compassion, honesty, and integrity has a profound
influence on my ethical framework. In this personal ethics statement, I have chosen to
focus on three critical elements that I believe are paramount to becoming an ethical
professional, both in life and in my chosen career path.
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Philosophical Theories/ Ethical Models:
Kant's Categorical Imperative:
Kant's Categorical Imperative serves as a cornerstone
of my ethical framework, guiding my decision-making by emphasizing the importance of
duty, moral principles, and universalizability. Kant famously stated, "Act only according
to that maxim by which you can at the same time, will that it should become a universal
law."(1) This principle underscores the significance of actions that can be applied
universally without contradiction. In my personal and professional life, I am dedicated to
upholding this imperative by ensuring that the moral principles I follow can be applied
consistently to all individuals, thereby contributing to a more just and ethical society.
Virtue Ethics:
Aristotle's virtue ethics resonate deeply with me, as they emphasize the
cultivation of character traits that promote moral excellence. Honesty, integrity, and
empathy are qualities I aspire to embody both personally and professionally. Virtue
ethics encourages the development of these traits as a means to achieving eudaimonia,
a flourishing life characterized by the pursuit of moral excellence and personal
growth.(2) By internalizing these virtues, I aim to not only enhance my own character
but also contribute to the betterment of society, nurturing an environment where
individuals are encouraged to embrace these virtuous principles.
Religious Ideas:
The Golden Rule:
Rooted in my faith as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, the Golden Rule holds profound significance. Jesus Christ's teaching
to "do unto others as you would have them do unto you"(3) underscores the essential
value of empathy and compassion. It compels me to treat all individuals, regardless of
their background, with kindness, respect, and love. This principle transcends religious
boundaries, echoing the sentiment found in various religious traditions and ethical
philosophies. It serves as a guiding light for how I approach my relationships, personal
interactions, and professional conduct, reminding me to be a source of positivity and
understanding in the world.
Fidelity and Family Values:
My faith places a strong emphasis on the sanctity of
marriage and the family unit. Loyalty, fidelity, and the responsibility to nurture and
support one's family are paramount.(4) These values shape not only my personal life
but also my professional conduct. By upholding these principles, I am committed to
fostering strong, supportive relationships within my family and extending the same
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sense of responsibility and commitment to my professional relationships, where loyalty
and support are equally vital components of my ethical compass.
Professional Code of Conduct:
“To act honestly, fairly, ethically and with integrity”(5):
In my desired profession as
a Creative Director at an advertising agency in Portland, Oregon, honesty and integrity
are foundational. Upholding the highest standards of truth and transparency is essential,
aligning with the principles laid out in professional codes of conduct. This includes
maintaining confidentiality when necessary and consistently acting in the best interests
of my clients and colleagues. The philosophy of honesty and integrity is deeply rooted in
the Kantian imperative, as it emphasizes the moral duty to be truthful and transparent in
all professional dealings, ensuring the welfare and trust of those I serve and work with.
“To act in good faith, responsibly, with due care, competence, and diligence,
without allowing their independent judgment to be subordinated”(5):
This
professional code of conduct underscores the responsibility to act in good faith,
demonstrating a commitment to responsible, competent, and diligent work. It obliges
professionals to maintain their independence, ensuring their judgments are not
compromised or influenced by external factors that could compromise ethical standards.
This code mirrors Kant's emphasis on individual moral duty, and I pledge to uphold it
both in my personal and professional life. It informs my commitment to consistently
provide high-quality work, act responsibly, and safeguard my independence and ethical
judgment in all professional endeavors.
Through the consistent application of these principles, I aspire to contribute positively to
society, uphold my faith, and maintain the highest ethical standards in my chosen field,
and in all aspects of my life.
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Works Cited
(1)Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (1948;
reprint, New York:Harper & Row, 1964)
(2)Vaughn, L. (2015). Beginning Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy. W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc.
(3)King James Version Bible. (2013). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/?lang=eng
(4)“Family:A Proclamation to the World.” (1995, November). Ensign, 25, p.102.
(5) Code of conduct - AAF. (n.d.).
https://aaf.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Club%20Resources/Leadership%20R
esources/AAF-Club-President-CodeOfConduct.pdf
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