PHI-103 Final Exam
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Grand Canyon University *
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103
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Philosophy
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Jan 9, 2024
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PHI-103 Final Exam
What is Euthyphro’s dilemma? —what are the two horns? What is Euthyphro’s dilemma
an objection to?
o
Euthyphro’s dilemma is [goodness] is that which is loved by the Gods.”
o
Horn 1: Ethical Voluntarianism - Action A is bad or good because God wills it to
be so.
o
Horn 2: God isn’t necessary to be the source or ground of morality.
o
Euthyphro’s dilemma is an objection to Socrates question which is guilty of a
false dilemma, divine command theory of morality is the objection
How can one response to Euthyphro’s dilemma? That is, how can one split the horns of
the dilemma?
o
One may respond to Euthyphro’s dilemma by simply accepting that if God does
command cruelty, then inflicting it upon others would be morally obligatory.
o
One can split the horn of the dilemma by “Adequate theology understand God as
having a nature that is metaphysically necessary. God is essentially
omnibenevolent, omnipotent, omnipresent, and worthy of worship”
What’s divine command theory and how does it account for moral obligation and duty?
o
The divine command theory is essentially a morality id that is constituted by
God’s commands. Divine commands give us reasons to act and aim to, among
other things, promote human flourishing.
What the difference between moral objectivism vs moral subjectivism?
o
The difference between moral objectivism vs. moral subjectivism is that:
o
Moral objectivism is the view that moral rightness/ wrongness is independent of
societies and personal performances
o
Moral subjectivism is the moral values that are relative to the person/individual.
According to deontological ethics, what is the motive that should motivate one’s will?
o
Kant says a good motive is one that’s motivated out of duty to respect a moral law
o
The moral principle informing one’s motive (prior to an action) is where goodness
resides
Where does utilitarianism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, and divine command theory
locate goodness?
o
What is the difference between intrinsic, extrinsic, instrumental and final value?
o
X has intrinsic value just in case x has value independently of its relation to other
things (e.g., success, knowledge, health, and persons)
o
X has extrinsic value just in case x has value as a result of being externally related
to something else (e.g., princess Diana’s dress)
o
X has instrumental value just in case x is valuable as a means to some end (e.g.,
money)
o
X has final value just in case x has value independently of its value as a means
towards other things (e.g., human successes)
What is Aristotle’s conception of Eudaimonia?
o
Aristotle’s conception of Eudaimonia is a thriving life, successful life, flourishing
life, or living life well.
How does Aristotle use metaphysics in his ethical theory? Hint: It shows up in Function
Argument? So, what is the Function Argument? And how does it differ from Kant? Hint:
Kant’s ethical theory doesn’t depend upon metaphysics.
o
Morality is consistent with human fulfillment
o
Function argument will enable us to discover what the purpose, goal, or aim of
humans is, which will give us a functional account of human goodness, and thus,
give us an account of the nature of eudaimonia
o
Aristotle’s ethical theory differs from Kant’s because Aristotle believes that if you
obey God’s low and contribute to cultivating Christ-like character that you help
you achieve happiness and flourish.
What are some of the objections to Kant’s ethical theory we discussed in class?
o
Some objections to Kant’s ethical theory that we discussed in class include
What is the difference between resultant, circumstantial and constitutive moral luck?
o
Resultant luck is the result of the action that one has no control over, yet the
results differ in a morally significant way
o
Circumstantial luck includes the circumstances that one has no control over (e.g.,
one’s parents, household, state, country, time period) but have no moral
significance on one’s life.
o
Constitutive luck is the kind of disposition, personality traits, and genetic makeup
that is morally significant, yet they are the result of factors beyond one’s control
What is nihilism?
o
A philosophy that denies there’s any meaning in existence or in religious beliefs
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Know the difference between metaphysical questions and epistemic questions as they
relate to morality
o
Epistemology is the study of knowledge while metaphysics is the study of reality.
o
Epistemology looks at how we know what the truth is and whether there are limits
to this knowledge.
o
Metaphysics seeks to understand the nature or reality and existence
According to Divine Command Theory, know how the terms good, bad, right and wrong
refer to different things in the world—that is, given God’s character/nature is good, the
terms good and right get applied differently.
o
People who accept the divine command theory accepts no acts as being good or
bad expect according to what the deity commands.
What’s moral relativism?
o
Moral relativism is the view that moral judgements are true or false only relative
to some particular standpoint (for instance, that of a culture or a historical period)
and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others
Which of Aristotle’s 4 causes can a naturalist employ in explanations on how things are
brought about? Why?
o
Formal cause: The blueprint or blue paradigm that informal or structures
something to be the particular thing it become
o
Material cause: The matter from which a thing is made
o
Efficient cause: The means by which an effect takes place; the means by which a
thing is brought about (intermediate cause)
o
Final cause: The purpose for why an effect takes place or a thing is brought about
(Ultimate cause)
What other questions are inextricably linked to the question What is the meaning of life?
o
Know the 4 common responses Tolstoy believed captures most peoples’ approach to life’s
meaningless. Which of these 4 did he find himself in and what was the 5th response he
eventually employed towards the meaning of life?
o
How does the Redemptive-Historical Narrative answer some of life’s “existentially
charged” questions?
o
What is the difference between meaning in life vs meaning of life as it relates to the
philosophical question: What is the meaning of life?
o
What does Seachris think an adequate response to the meaning of life question require?
o