Soc Sci 3A -- 1 -- Test One -- April 10, 2019
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TEST ONE
SOCIAL SCIENCE, 3A
APRIL 10, 2019
1.
Is the following argument an example of modus ponens, modus tollens, affirming the consequent, or denying the antecedent?
If Jaime is a fan of Mozart, then Jamie is a fan of Bach. Jaime isn’t a fan of Bach; therefore, Jaime isn’t a fan of Mozart.
2.
Is the following syllogism sound? If it is sound, no explanation is necessary; if it is valid, but not sound, explain why it isn’t sound; if it isn’t valid, please state which fallacy makes it invalid.
All people love the music of Bach.
Governor Newsom is a person.
Therefore, Governor Newsom loves the music of Bach.
is valid, but not sound.
It is valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
However, it is not sound because all people don't love the music of Bach.
3.
Is the following syllogism sound? If it is sound, no explanation is necessary; if it is valid, but not sound, explain why it isn’t sound; if it isn’t valid, please state which fallacy makes it invalid.
All criminals are from Arizona.
Joe is from Arizona. Joe must be a criminal.
is not valid because it has an undistributed middle term.
4.
Is the following syllogism sound? If it is sound, no explanation is necessary; if it is valid, but not sound, explain why it isn’t sound; if it isn’t valid, please state which fallacy makes it invalid.
All countries in Africa are small in size.
All small countries have kings.
Therefore, all countries with kings are in Africa.
is not valid as well.
The fallacy is that it is an illicit minor.
The minor premise, having a king, is distributed in the conclusion, but it is not in the minor premise.
5.
Explain why the word animals
is not distributed in the following sentence: All lizards are animals.
I think it's because something is distributed when we're talking about all of them, so in this sentence the word "lizards" is currently distributed because it talks about all lizards. If the word animals was distributed, the sentence would be talking about all animals.
6.
The observation is “Lawyers are more respected than fast food workers.” Why isn’t “Lawyers make more money than fast food workers” a good model?
7.
The observation is “Lawyers are more respected than fast food workers.” Why isn’t “People respect importance” a good model?
My answer was that "importance" is a subjective word in that people have different levels of importance in which they label people. It is very dependent on a person's point of view and the situation they are in, lending to why it's not a great model. For example, in the Lawyers vs. Fast Food workers model, a person who often struggles with lawsuits or family issues may see lawyers as more important to them while a person who struggles to make enough money for good quality food may see fast workers being more important.
8.
In the textbook, you read about the observation that in the Mojave there are parallel layers or rocks with smaller rocks and sand between them. Give two models that explain this observation. You can use examples from the text or make up your own.)
9.
In the text, there was the observation that in college dorms friends tend to live close to each other. Then varies models were discussed. They then discussed the possibility of making the model more general – extending it beyond college dorms. Did the authors tend to think this generalization is a good or bad thing?
10.
Why are we learning about induction in class. In other words, how is it relevant to what we will be doing? (We’re looking for a simple answer.)
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