Task 1
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Florida Atlantic University *
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HUMAN RESO
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Philosophy
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Jan 9, 2024
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C206
Task 1
Ethical Leadership
Western Governor University
A1. Ethical Trait:
After 2011 Egyptian Revolution, many political leaders came to the scene advocating for democracy in Egypt. One of them is Basem Youssef, also known as Jon Stewart of the Middle East. Before Basem, political satire never existed in the middle east including Egypt where people are oppressed by different forms of dictatorships. Basem Youssef, a cardiothoracic surgeon, felt the need to have this form of freedom of speech in a nation where civilization was born 7000 years ago. He used to write his speeches on the university hospital shuttle bus on his way to work. After Mubarak Regime fall in January 2011, he saw the light of freedom shining on the nation and started a YouTube Channel and made short video clips in which he explained the current political dilemma in a sarcastic way. Millions of people in Middle East followed him then he started to make full episodes to discuss critical social topics like freedom of press and women rights. Finally, he received his first TV contract at the same time he received a hospital contract to work in the USA as a doctor. He decided to stay in Egypt to address the current social needs of the country. Basem continued to fight dictatorships in Egypt till he fled to US in 2014 after several politically directed investigations for him and his family members. He refused to air any TV shows from the US because he felt that any political satire show being aired outside loses credibility among the public raising the possibility of foreign funding.
A2. Ethical Conduct:
Demonstrating integrity is a trait that Bassem showed in his career in Egypt between 2011-2014. He interviewed politicians from different parties to explain their views to the public. He advocated for a secular nation where people from different backgrounds are equal under the constitution. He admitted his mistakes and limitation on air showing honesty to his audience. He disclosed all his financial
support to argue against any foreign or external fund some claimed he received. He advocated for minorities and women rights in Egypt. He fought hard against extremism in every form or shape and warned against a constitution that legalized
discrimination or solidified power in the hand of one group or political party. The definition of courage is the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, or pain without fear. Bassem had the courage to challenge the social stereotypes in Egypt by making fun of politicians and teaching people to
do critique of current political situations. He showed them that no politician is
above the law and freedom of press is one way to push politicians towards integrity and hard work. He had the courage to tell the Egyptian people that the nation ought to learn from the American democracy and adopt the ideas of the founding fathers of America established the American constitution. He interviewed Jon Stewart in Egypt and fought against antisemitism in Egypt. By upholding human rights, Bassem and Jon taught the audience that we can be different, and we may disagree but at the end of the day, we are all human.
B.
Compare the deontological and consequentialist perspectives:
As a resident physician, I communicate with other health professionals regarding near miss error or malpractice issues which is a common problem in healthcare system having in mind issues like short staffing and long hours of work. One of these malpractice issues is having a co-worker suffering from opioid addiction. The
consequentialist values overall benefits of the community. The consequentialist would want to know beneficial and adverse consequences of their decision in an controversial ethical situation. A consequentialist will consider reporting this malpractice issues to ensure patient right to know about the event in a clear transparent manner. There are multiple channels to address these issues internally in the hospital and externally through the state medical board. Reporting the event will help the system identify points of weakness and address them accordingly to prevent recurrence of similar mistakes through risk management team which release a report at the end of the investigation process. Also, through mortality and morbidity conferences, healthcare teams usually address certain events in the months that possibly caused patient harm and develop action plans to prevent future events. Further sequentially related questions are considered by consequentialists to clarify the vision for better decision-making process. For example, can we identify the stakeholders in this dilemma? In this situation, the stakeholders are coworkers who know about the incidence, the patients receiving care in this facility, and the hospital as a primary facility where error happened. How will this affect the reputation of the facility? How will this harm the patients receiving care at the facility? Revealing the information to the state board/risk management would be beneficial to them and allow them to make balanced decisions. However, by revealing the information
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externally and breaking your nondisclosure agreement, you will lose your job. Finally, by revealing the information, the hospital could suffer financially. I believe that a consequentialist would not reveal the information externally and would use
internal channels to communicate malpractice issues and address them.
From a deontological perspective, non-disclosure agreements regulate what staff can or can’t share with authorities and patient family. The deontological approach values what is right, fair, honest, compassionate, and respectful. Obligations, responsibilities, and their ethical principles would be the focus of what deontologist would do. A deontologist would look at the situation at healthcare practice by asking a series of questions to be as unbiased as possible and help them better understand the current dilemma. What is the fairest actions should be implemented? How would public react if they knew about these serious malpractice issues? Should I break my NDA?. In summary, answers to these questions would guide a deontologist on how to further respond to this situation. From my humble point of view, I think a deontologist who break NDA and release information to state officials for the sake of the public based on the Hippocratic auth which entails avoiding any harm to our patients.
C. Level of cognitive moral development:
Moral reasoning develops through three levels and six stages according to Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Cognitive Moral Development (
Maggi S etal 2022)
.
Pre-conventional level is the first level where decisions are made by avoiding punishment and negative consequences (
Stage I
), Stage II
includes decision made for advancing their own interests. The conventional level is stage III
where decisions are made in order to make people closest to you happy. Stage 4 includes decisions approached through personal consequences depending on what is dictated by others and society. The post-conventional level (Stage 5) is considered the third level where decisions are made by values of justice and human rights.
Which action would most likely serve the greater good in society?
Level
: the post-conventional level
Stage
: Fifth Stage of cognitive moral development. At this level
, people are looking for what is best for society beyond their own benefits and desires.
If I reveal this information, will I get into trouble and possibly even lose my job?
Level
: the pre-conventional level.
Stage:
first stage of cognitive moral development.
At this level
, people are looking to avoid negative consequences that may happen to them centered around their own benefits.
Which action best aligns with my long-held belief in the principle of justice?
Level
: the post-conventional level Stage
fifth stage of cognitive moral development.
At this level
, people are looking for justice based moral code of conduct among the society.
What do the laws say, and what would a law-abiding citizen do?
Level
: the conventional level.
Stage
fourth stage of cognitive moral development. At this level
, people are concerned about rule of law, what can or can not be done
according to laws emerged from the constitution.
If I keep quiet, will I get some sort of reward? Level
: the pre-conventional level.
Stage
second stage of cognitive moral development. At this level
, people are thinking about what rewards or losses that could potentially happen to them personally as a result of their decisions.
D. Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI): -
D1- Preferred ethical lens:
Mild Sensibility and Mild Autonomy (MSMA) is my preferred ethical
lens through which I listen to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual including me (autonomy) (Wangi etal, 2021
) . For example, during making work schedule,
I try to distribute work over all residents fairly in order to give everyone an opportunity to learn equally, including me.
I
mildly prefe
r the value of sensibility (MS)—following my heart—over rationality—following your brain. As a MS, my passions and emotions are tempered by reason as I seek my heart's desires. I frame the narrative of my life in terms of being all I can be as I strive to embody the ideals of my roles. This helps me to go above and beyond to help my patients through my career.
As well, I
mildly
prefer the value of autonomy (MA)—respecting the individual—over equality—giving priority to the group. I implement this rule when I teach junior resident or a medical student, I value their rule and their opinions and empowering their self-esteem. As an MA, I want to choose my own path and life goals. However, as I make decisions, I may find that my choices are influenced by the opinions of others and the general community expectations about what constitutes a "good life." I defend the right of every human to choose how they will live to their full potential as they seek their own expression of the good life. That is why I always encourage medical students to pursue their dreams whatever hard these dreams can look like.
D2- Preferred primary value: -
I mildly prefer the primary value
of sensibility
which makes me aware of my keenly felt passions and emotions providing powerful energy for fulfilling my heart’s desire as I seek what I consider to be good. I believe sensibility give me three gifts, first is Flexibility to respond to changing situations in a very dynamic life and career. Second is Sensitivity to the context of the situation
and the uniqueness of each human person and community as options are chosen which makes me aware of all people involved
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in unresolved dilemma. Third and last is Compassion allowing for a caring and empathetic response to emerging needs of my patients and my trainees.
D2- Preferred classic virtue: -
My classical virtue
is self-restraint
and being reasonable and balanced in my expectations for me and others in order to achieve the most reasonable results. I tackle most things disciplined in a way that allows me to stay focused on my tasks to
accomplish them accurately and help others to do the same. My motivation can sometimes push me towards big tasks and big duties so I put in my consideration awareness of my limitations so
I can set expectations for reasonable results.
D2- Comparing Primary value and Classic virtue with personal values: -
My primary values are Sensibility. I found these primary values align with my personal values of providing support and compassion. I believe in having strong relationships and I always go above and beyond to help my patients and trainees who may not have enough resources to help themselves. I like to help patients with no insurance, and I like to donate my books to other medical students. I find myself wanting to ensure everyone is treated with empathy and compassion in my family and my career.
Self-restraint is my identified classical virtue which complements my personal value of fairness and respect for myself and others. It
helps me to set fair goals which I can achieve through reasonable plan that upholds balanced work life and avoids burnout syndrome which unfortunately a common issue among health professionals.
D3. Describe one of the following from your ELI: blind spot, risk, double standard
, vice
.
The blind spot I encounter in my career is being not aware of emotional status of my team at work. Sometimes I supervise residents and students who might be going through initial phases of burnout or imposter syndrome, and it takes me some time to realize it. One step that can be taken to help mitigate this risk is to ensure the wellbeing of my team through a brief morning talk which helps me to identify who feels good and who is not. I try to engage everyone in the conversation, so I get to know my teammates better. By defining key stakeholders in my daily task and identifying their emotional status and wellbeing, I ensure better service being provided to our patients. This is critical in night shifts or weekends or holidays where teammates are because they may need to enjoy some entertainment during this time. A second action that should be followed is asking for feedback at the end of the shift about how we could have done tasks better and appreciate everyone’s role in our team. D4. Discuss how the information from your ELI could be applied to an ethical situation in the workplace. (discuss two steps)
The Ethical Lens Inventory was extremely eye-opening for me to be more aware of both my strengths and weaknesses. I am a process-driven person. In my current job, I am a chief resident in medical residency training program where I ensure safe academic
environments for trainees and medical students in a way that also
ensure patient safety. I design and implement new educational process that gives everyone opportunities to learn and grow with reasonable expectations and adequate sensibility to our patients and colleagues.
E. References - Yosef Woitila Wangi K. Ethno-ethics Lens for Palliative Care Decision-making in COVID-19. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2021 Jul;9(3):265-266. doi: 10.30476/ijcbnm.2021.89239.1713. PMID: 34222546; PMCID: PMC8242411.
- Maggi S, Zaccaria V, Breda M, Romani M, Aceti F, Giacchetti N, Ardizzone I, Sogos C. A Narrative Review about Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Childhood: The Relationship with Shame and Moral Development. Children (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;9(10):1556. doi: 10.3390/children9101556. PMID: 36291492; PMCID: PMC9600945.
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