HW 5.1
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Philosophy
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Apr 3, 2024
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Leonardo Flores
PHIL 1300
ID#20655521
March 4, 2023
Chapter 5 Exercise 5.1
1. What is objectivity in journalism? What is bias?
Objectivity: It is ensuring that the story exhibits no explicit or implicit preference for one
set of values over another. It is about fairness, which involves a particular kind of
balance.
Bias: It is a distorted and unfair perspective caused by the values of the writer or
editor. A biased new story contains a distorted and unfair presentation of facts
caused by the writer's or editor’s values, not merely by error or oversight.
2. The connotations of words can introduce bias into a news story by influencing how
the reader perceives and interprets the information presented. Connotations and
evaluative language do not always introduce bias, however. Sometimes, they can be
used to convey factual information, such as statistics, ratings, or awards, that are based
on objective criteria or standards. Therefore, connotations and evaluative language are
not inherently biased, but rather depend on how they are used and in what context
3. In journalism, what is the difference between news and opinion? News: is an account
of events or situations that can be verified through objective evidence, while opinion is
the expression of views that often cannot be verified entirely this way-they are
explanations, interpretations, judgments, speculations, and the like.
4. A trustworthy news media is essential for democracy. To build trust, understanding
conservative viewpoints is crucial. Recognizing and addressing bias is vital for
maintaining journalistic integrity and fostering informed citizens
5. Is the mere expression of opinion in a new piece a sure sign of bias? Why or why
not? What makes an expression of opinion biased? An opinion can be biased when it
introduces inaccuracy and unfairness caused by the writer's values.
6. Persuading the public to respond in a certain way toward what is advertised.
7. What is reasonable skepticism? An attitude that involves giving up the habit of
automatically accepting claims in the media, rejecting the questionable assumption that
most of what’s said online is true, and refusing to believe a claim unless there are
legitimate reasons to do so.
8.
The most reasonable response to advertising is a degree of suspicion, as ads often
contain exaggerated or misleading claims. By being skeptical and evaluating evidence,
consumers can make more informed decisions.
Leonardo Flores
PHIL 1300
ID#20655521
March 4, 2023
9. How do data scientists and computer programmers optimize the impact of online
advertising? Data scientists and computer programmers use statistics and linear
algebra to optimize the impact and microtarget you as a potential prospect.
10.
Native advertising is a form of paid advertising in which the ads match the look, feel,
and function of the media format in which they appear.
11. In video manipulation, what is the technique of misrepresentation? Presenting
unaltered video in an accurate manner misrepresents the footage and misleads the
viewer.
12. By altering the frames of a video: cropping, changing speed, using Photoshop,
dubbing audio, or adding or deleting visual information to deceive the viewer.
13. How are lies different from merely stated statements? False statements that arise
because of mistakes, errors, or misunderstandings are not lies and do not constitute
fake news. Lies are fake news stories that involve deliberate deception.
14. Fake news is without basis or fact. Biased news presents facts, but does so
selectively and/or with language that sensationalizes.
Exercise 5.2
1. How has fake news adversely affected legitimate news, news
consumers, and the idea of objective truth?
It creates confusion, punching holes in what is true, leading to the reader doubting
everything, including real news
2. What is the Pizzagate incident? What does it suggest about the possible
real-world consequences of fake news?
A false tweet about child sex-trafficing in a restaurant prompted a man to big multiple
guns to the restaurant and firing off assault rifle rounds, he was arrested. Fake news
can lead to people getting hurt, arrested, etc.
3. How are lies different from merely false statements?
Lies are different from false statements in that they are deliberately created in order to
deceive, whereas false statements may be simply inaccurate.
Leonardo Flores
PHIL 1300
ID#20655521
March 4, 2023
4. Is biased reporting the same thing as fake news? Why or why not?
Biased reporting is not the same thing as fake news. Biased reporting is when a
journalist presents information in a way that is favorable to one side or the other,
whereas fake news is when a story is entirely fabricated.
5. What is reasonable skepticism?
Reasonable skepticism is a learned skill that uses reflective, analytical thinking to make
a reasonable, rational decision on what to believe or do
6. What are legitimate reasons for believing that a claim is true?
In short, reasons are evidence. The most common of these are factual descriptions of
reality, statistical evidence, and definitions.
7. What are three illegitimate reasons for accepting or rejecting claims from
a media source?
1.My group (political factions, fans of politician X or pundit Y, online community, etc)
trusts this source. (So I will too).
2. This course contradicts my beliefs. (If I disagree with it, it must be fake news).
3. An opposing group rejects this source. (So I will accept it because I hate the
opposing group.)
8. What are three questions to ask to help you determine the reliability of
an online source?
1) Are the claims plausible?
2) What is the support for the claims?
3) Have reliable fact-checked organizations examined the claims?
9. Do you agree that it's unethical to share fake news? Why or why not?
Yes, because a lie violates or undermines people's autonomy.
10. In assessing the accuracy of a news story, why is it important to consult
other sources?
It helps you see the information from the proper perspective. Uncover errors and bias
Pinpoint consensus and disagreement among expert
Find out where the preponderance of evidence points
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Leonardo Flores
PHIL 1300
ID#20655521
March 4, 2023
11. When is Google most useful as a research tool?
When using Google Scholar
When you narrow your searches or domains (edu, gov, and org)
When using quotation marks: "John Carson" novelist Chicago instead of John Carson
novelist Chicago
12. What is the best way to use Wikipedia?
To point you in the direction of good resources such as authoritative books, essays,
reference materials, exerts, and websites.